FM 30-101
BEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL
AGGRESSOR
THE MANEUVER
ENEMY
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
APRIL 1961
FM 30-101
C 1
FIELD MANUAL
AGGRESSOR, THE MANEUVER ENEMY
FM 30-101 ) HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Changes No. 1 ) Washington 25, D.C., 27 April 1962
FM 30-101, 27 April 1961, is changed as follows :
3. Missions of Aggressor
■a. (Superseded) Aggressor is designed to accomplish four
(4) primary purposes, the opposing force during tactical training
of United States troops. They are as follows :
(1) To add realism to training.
(2) To add emphasis to intelligence training.
(3) To provide a common and realistic basis for the develop-
ment of command post exercises, field training exercises,
maneuvers, and other tactical training exercises.
(4) To instill an awareness in exercise participants of the
basic differences between United States and potential
enemy forces.
CHAPTER 2
AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS, INSIGNIA, AND CURRENCY
Section I. ARMY
(Superseded)
8. Basic Army Uniform
a. The basic uniform of the Aggressor Army is a combat uni-
form. The same uniform is worn by both officer and enlisted
personnel. Collar tabs, sleeve patches, and shoulder loops des-
ignate the rank, branch, and unit of the individual (figs. 1-17.1).
Because of high esprit and strong organizational pride, Aggressor
troops habitually wear their distinctive insignia into combat.
1
b. The army uniform is jungle green in color in keeping with
the national colors and the traditional emblem of of the Circle
Trigon Party. The cut of the pullover type tunic and the trousers
resembles that of foreign-type army uniforms. Footwear follows
United States Army design. Aggressor Army .female personnel
(including nurses) wear the conventional jungle green uniforms
of the same general pattern as those worn by female personnel of
the United States Army.
c. The uniform is made of 9-ounce weight cotton wind resistant
sateen, water repellent, shade jungle green, and will be worn
during both winter and summer. Outer clothing, such as field
jackets and parkas, are designed similar to like items of the
United States Army. In arctic areas and under conditions of
snow and ice operations, overwhites are normally worn by all
personnel. Distinctive armbands and headbands bearing the
Aggressor Circle Trigon Party emblem are worn by Aggressor
personnel when using overwhites.
d. The Aggressor helmet, although similar to the United States
Army helmet, has a distinctive ridge running front to rear over
the crest of the helmet. This ridge is about 8y 2 inches long, iy 2
inches wide, and tapers in height from iy 2 inches in front to y 2
inch in back (fig. 1) .
e. A Department of the Army Quartermaster Corps Modifica-
tion Work Order (QM 34, 3 April 53) authorizes conversion of
liner, helmet, to make Aggressor forces combat headgear.
9. Special Army Uniforms
a. Fusilier Units.
(1) All fusilier troops wear the basic army uniform with
distinctive markings. The term "fusilier," a designation
of elite troops, is applied as a reward to any unit (except
airborne) which distinguishes itself in battle and has
been awarded the High Command Unit Star. "Fusilier"
is combined with words indicating both size and type of
units, for example: Fusilier Tank Regiment, Fusilier
Mechanized Rifle Regiment, Fusilier Mechanized Rifle
Division.
(2) The distinctive marking for all fusilier troops is a red
cap. Unit esprit is so high that the red cap is often worn
into combat in place of the helmet. Fusilier officers
(fig. 2) also wear red shoulder loops.
b. Airborne Units. Airborne units are also considered elite.
Hence, the uniform of airborne troops is the same as that of
fusilier units, except that officers of airborne units wear blue
shoulder loops instead of red (fig. 3).
3
Figure 2. (Superseded) Lieutenant, 652 Fusilier
Reconnaissance Regiment, 11 Fusilier Tank Army.
c. Tank and Reconnaissance Units. Personnel assigned to tank
and reconnaissance units normally wear a black cap with the basic
army uniform (figs. 4 and 5). Personnel assigned to fusilier
tank and reconnaissance units, however, wear the red cap (fig. 2).
d. Special Purpose Uniforms. Units having a particularly
high esprit de corps may adopt locally available materials to
adorn the uniform, for example: berets, sateen stripes on the
trousers, sateen tabs and shoulder boards. Aggressor general
officers and flag officers are authorized and encouraged to design
distinctive uniforms from locally available materials such as
braid, sateen shoulder loops, sateen tabs, sateen stripes on trous-
ers, riding boots and trousers, swords and daggers. All general
officers and marshals wear white shoulder loops (figs. 6 and 7).
e. Shoulder Loops. Army shoulder loops are of four (4)
colors ; red, white, green and blue, and are worn as follows :
Red — Worn by all fusilier officers, except airborne.
White — Worn by all marshals and general officers.
Green — Worn by all other officers and enlisted personnel,
except airborne.
Blue — Worn by all airborne personnel.
4
Figure 3. (Superseded) Captain, 18 Airborne Parachute
Regiment, 9 Airborne Division.
5
Figure i. (Superseded) Lieutenant, 7 Artillery
Regiment, 8 Tank Division.
6
Figure 5. (Superseded) Section sergeant, ISO Heavy
Tank Regiment, 32 Tank Division.
Figure 6. (Superseded) General of Brigade, Aggressor Ground Forces,
wearing individually designed uniform, prepared from locally available
material.
8
Figure 7. (Superseded) General of Division, 8 Fusilier Mechanized Rifle
Division, wearing individually designed uniform, prepared from locally
available material.
9
10. Off Duty Uniforms
The off duty uniform for officers and enlisted personnel consists
of the combat uniform with cap and low-quarter shoes of conven-
tional United States design.
AAA
t
WARRANT SUB LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN
OFFICER LIEUTENANT
MAJOR COMMANDANT COLONEL GENERAL OF
BRIGADE
Figure 8. (Superseded) Army officer ranks.
10
GENERAL OF GENERAL GENERAL
DIVISION OF CORPS OF ARMY
MARSHAL
Figure 8 — Continued.
1 1 . Officers' Insignia of Rank
a. General. Aggressor Army officers of company grade are
designated by means of angled stripes, field grade by a combina-
tion of stripes and bars, general officers by a combination of
stripes and wreaths, and warrant officers by one bar on each
shoulder loop (fig. 8). All insignia of grade are worn on appli-
cable colored shoulder loops.
b. Comparative Army Rank.
12. Enlisted Insignia of Grade
a. General. Aggressor Army enlisted grades are designated
by a combination of bars mounted on shoulder loops on both
shoulders (fig. 9).
Aggressor Army
Marshal
General of Army
General of Corps
General of Division
General of Brigade
Colonel
Commandant
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
United States Army
General of the Army
General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
11
PRIVATE SENIOR CORPORAL SECTION
PRIVATE SERGEANT
PLATOON SENIOR STAFF SERGEANT
SERGEANT SERGEANT SERGEANT MAJOR
Figure 9. (Superseded) Army enlisted grades.
12
b. Comparative Army Enlisted Grade.
Aggressor Army
United States equivalent
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Senior Sergeant
Platoon Sergeant
Section Sergeant
Corporal
E-9
E-8
E-7
E-6
E-5
E-4
E-3
Senior Private
Private
E-2, E-l
13. Unit and Branch Insignia
a. Company, Battalion and Regimental Insignia. The branch
for both Army officers and enlisted personnel is shown by colored
cloth tabs worn on both sides of the collar. Black Arabic numer-
als superimposed on the collar tabs indicate the numerical
designations of organic regiments, battalions, or the separate
regiment, battalion, or company. The identifying colors for the
various branches of the Army are as follows :
Mechanized Rifle (includes mountain and ski units) ....Red
Airborne Blue
Tank (includes reconnaissance units) .Yellow
Artillery (includes missile units) .White
Engineer Green
Signal Tan
Chemical Purple
Other Services Orange
b. Brigade Insignia. Brigade personnel will wear the sleeve
patch of the major unit (division, army, army group) to which as-
signed or attached. The branch colors, as outlined above, will
be followed on the collar tabs. Personnel of brigade headquarters
will have the numerical designation of the brigade superimposed
in black Arabic numerals, followed by the letter "B" on the colored
collar tab (117B-117th Brigade) ; personnel of the brigade units
will have the numerical designation of the parent unit super-
imposed in black Arabic numerals on the colored collar tab
c. Division. The identifying insignia for a division is a rec-
tangular-shaped colored cloth patch worn on the upper right
sleeve. The colors of division patches are as follows : (figs. 11, 12,
13 and 14).
d. Corps Insignia. Airborne corps will wear rectangular-
shaped blue cloth patches on the upper right sleeve. Mountain
corps, when organized, will wear rectangular-shaped red cloth
(fig. 10).
Mechanized Rifle (includes mountain units)
Artillery (includes missile units)
Tank
Airborne
Red
.White
Yellow
Blue
13
Figure 10. (Superseded) Lieutenant, 228 Missile Brigade,
107 Light Missile Artillery Division.
patches on the upper right sleeve. Black Arabic numerals fol-
lowed by the letter "K" superimposed on the colored patch will
indicate the unit numerical designation (fig. 15).
e. Army. The identifying insignia of armies is a rectangular-
shaped colored cloth patch bordered in black and worn on the
upper right sleeve. The tank army and combined arms army
wear yellow and red colored patches respectively. Black Arabic
numerals superimposed on the patches indicate the army to which
the individual is assigned (fig. 3).
/. Regional Command and Army Group. The identifying in-
signia of regional commands and army groups is a rectangular-
shaped white cloth patch bordered in black and worn on the upper
right sleeve. The name of the regional command and army group
will be spelled out or abbreviated in Esperanto on the patch in
black letters. These insignia are worn by Aggressor Army per-
sonnel assigned to an army group headquarters or a regional
command headquarters, as well as separate units detached from
regional commands, army groups, or armies for an exercise or
campaign (fig. 16) .
14
g. Army High Command Insignia. Aggressor personnel as-
signed to the staff of the Army High Command wear a triangular-
shaped red cloth patch on the upper right sleeve (fig. 17) .
h. Artillery Missile Unit. In addition to the required sleeve
and collar patches, personnel assigned to artillery missile units
wear a green missile superimposed on a triangular-shaped white
cloth patch on the left breast pocket (figs. 10 and 18) .
Figure 11. (Superseded) Major, 317 Engineer Battalion,
1 7 Mechanized Rifle Division.
15
Figure 12. (Superseded) Platoon sergeant, 38 Airborne
Parachute Regiment, 9 Airborne Division.
16
Figure 13. (Superseded) Senior sergeant, 58 Mechanized
Rifle Regiment, US Mechanized Rifle Division.
Figure 14. (Superseded) Sub-lieutenant, 28 Artillery
Regiment, 82 Tank Division.
Figure 15. (Superseded) Section sergeant, Political
Staff, Headquarters, 1 Airborne Corps.
Figure 16. (Superseded) Platoon sergeant, Headquarters,
Army Group NORDO.
20
21
Figure 18. (Superseded) Missile artillery unit personnel
patch, worn on the left breast pocket.
Section II. AIR FORCE
(Superseded)
14. Basic Air Force Uniforms
(figs. 21-24)
Personnel of the Aggressor Air Force wear the basic army
uniform with blue shoulder loops. Personnel of air force security
and support units wear the Aggressor helmet and combat boots.
Other air force personnel wear a blue cap and black low-quarter
shoes. All Aggressor Air Force personnel wear wings above the
right breast pocket. Flying togs and footgear are of conventional
United States Air Force design. Air force female personnel (in-
cluding nurses) wear the conventional jungle green uniform of
the same general pattern as female personnel of the United
States Air Force.
15. Off Duty Uniform
The off duty uniform of Aggressor Air Force officers and
enlisted personnel is the same as the combat uniform described
in paragraph 14, except that low-quarter shoes are worn.
23
16. Specialist Insignia
In addition to the basic air force wings worn above the right
breast pocket (fig. 19), Aggressor Air Force rated specialists wear
wings above the left breast pocket. The Aggressor green trigon is
centered on the specialist wings, and the letter of abbreviation of
the specialty appears on the green trigon in white (figs. 20, 21,
and 22). Identified categories of Air Force specialties, their
Aggressor abbreviations, and their English equivalents are as
follows :
Aggressor Air Force Specialty Aggressor English
Abbreviation Equivalent
Aviada Ingeniero A Flight Engineer
Bombardiero B Bombardier
Elektro-aparatoj E Electronics
Fotografio (Aviado) F Photography
(Aerial)
Inteligenteco kaj Sukureco I Intelligence
& Security
Kanonisto K Gunner
Navigisto N Navigator
Piloto P Pilot
Servadoj S Services
Transkomunikajoj T Communications
Figure 20. (Superseded) Navigator, 5 Bomber Division.
17. Air Force Insignia of Rank and Grade
(figs. 23 and 24)
a. Officers' Insignia of Rank. Aggressor Air Force marshal,
general, field, and company grade officers and warrant officers are
designated in the same manner as corresponding Aggressor Army
grades. Insignia are worn on blue shoulder loops, except for
general officers and marshal who wear white shoulder loops
(fig. 23).
Figure 21. (Superseded) Commandant (PILOT), 40 Fighter
Regiment, 18 Fighter Division.
b. Comparative Officer Ranks.
Aggressor Air Force
Air Marshal
General of Air
General of Air Army
General of Air Corps
General of Air Division
Colonel
Commandant
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
United States Air Force
General of the Air Force
General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
26
c. Enlisted Insignia of Grade. Aggressor Air Force enlisted
grades are denoted in the same manner as those of the Aggressor
Army, except they are worn on blue shoulder loops (fig. 24) .
d. Comparative Enlisted Grades.
Aggressor Air Force United States Air Force
Sergeant Major E-9
Staff Sergeant E-8
Senior Sergeant E-7
Platoon Sergeant E-6
Section Sergeant E-5
Corporal E_4
Senior Airman E-3
Airman E-2 > E_1
Figure 22. (Superseded) Major, 36 Reconnaissance
Regiment, 6 Air Army.
77
WARRANT SUB LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN
OFFICER LIEUTENANT
MAJOR COMMANDANT COLONEL GENERAL OF
AIR DIVISION
Figure 23. (Superseded) Air Force officer ranks.
28
29
PRIVATE
SENIOR
PRIVATE
CORPORAL SECTION
SERGEANT
Figure 25. (Superseded) Section sergeant, 15 Attack Corps.
18. Air Force Unit and Branch Insignia
a. Squadron and Regimental Insignia. The branch for both
Air Force officers and enlisted personnel is shown by colored cloth
tabs worn on both sides of the collar. Black Arabic numerals
superimposed on the cloth collar tabs indicate the numerical desig-
nation of regiments and squadrons. The colors for the various
branches of the air force are as follows :
Fighter Red
Bomber White
Ground Attack Blue
Reconnaissance Yellow
Other Services _ .Orange
b. Air Division and Air Corps Insignia. The air division or
air corps insignia (figs. 20 and 25) is a rectangular-shaped cloth
patch with black numerals superimposed and is worn on the upper
right sleeve. In air divisions, the unit is designated by the use
of Arabic numerals on the cloth patch t while in the air corps
Arabic numerals followed by the letter "K" are used. The colors
of the air division and air corps sleeve patch are as follows :
Fighter Red
Bomber White
Attack Blue
31
c. Air Army Insignia. Headquarters personnel and troops of
an air army as well as personnel of separate air units detached
from the Air High Command to an air army for occupational
duties or for a major campaign, wear a rectangular-shaped white
cloth patch bordered in black on the upper right sleeve. The
numerical designation of an air army is by means of black Arabic
numerals superimposed on the white patch (fig. 21).
d. Air High Command Insignia. Aggressor personnel as-
signed to the staff of the Air Force High Command wear a tri-
angular-shaped blue cloth patch on the upper right sleeve.
Figure 26. (Superseded) Colonel, Political Staff,
Hejmkomando (Home Command).
26. General
* * * * * * *
b. The prefabricated pneumatic * * * authorized by USCON-
ARC. Sonic equipment is made available to the exercise director
only when qualified personnel of the Aggressor Center participate
in the exercise. Requisitioning procedures for * * * the exer-
cise director.
* * * * :!= * s=
32
Section II. PREFABRICATED AND FIELD EXPEDIENT MODELS
Titles of illustrations 30-38 are changed as follows :
Figure 30. Chemical Mine, Model 1.
Figure 31. Antitank Rocket Grenade, Model KTR-2.
Figure 32. Antipersonnel Mine, Model KPM-6.
Figure 33. Antipersonnel Mine, Model KPM-4, w/fuze and
bounding.
Figure 34. Antipersonnel Mine, Model KPM-3.
Figure 35. Heavy Antitank Mine, Model HATM-12.
Figure 36. Antitank Mine, Model KTM-5.
Figure 37. Antitank Mine, non-metallic, shaped charge,
w/fuze, Model KTM-10.
Figure 38. Antitank Mine, Model KTM-7A (general pur-
27. Prefabricated Pneumatic Models
(figs. 27-29)
Prefabricated pneumatic models * * * is not exceeded. De-
tailed descriptions and proper use of pneumatic models are con-
tained in FM 5-23.
28. Technical Intelligence Items
(Superseded)
a. Technical intelligence models of many standard items of
military equipment may be constructed locally. The only limita-
tions on the construction of these models are the time and material
available, and the ingenuity and experience of the personnel con-
cerned. Examples of materials which can be used are burlap,
canvas, lumber, wire, logs, nails, and paint. Careful attention
to scale, design, coloring, and emplacement of models will achieve
realism. The details of construction of many items of military
equipment are contained in the FM 5-20 series.
b. Technical intelligence items which may be requisitioned or
constructed locally are shown in figures 30 through 38. Requi-
sitions will be submitted in accordance with DA Pamphlet 30-30.
(1) Grenades are of four types: offensive, defensive, chem-
ical, and antitank. A 1/2-inch horizontal stripe on the
body indicates the type grenade, as follows :
pose).
(a) Offensive
(6) Defensive
(c) Chemical
(d) Antitank
one (1) red stripe.
one (1) white stripe,
one (1) purple stripe,
.one (1) yellow stripe.
33
(2) Mines are of two types : antitank and anti-personnel. A
i/^-inch horizontal stripe on the mine indicates the type
of mine, as follows :
(a) Antipersonnel HE — one (1) green stripe.
(6) Antipersonnel Chemical — one (1) purple
stripe.
(c) Antitank ...one (1) black stripe.
(3) Fuzes are of two types: impact and delay. A second
^-inch horizontal stripe on the body indicates the type
of fuze, as follows:
(a) Impact one (1) orange stripe.
(6) Delay one (1) blue stripe.
Section IV. SONIC EQUIPMENT
(Superseded)
35. General
Sonic equipment, consisting of a magnetic tape recorder-repro-
ducer, the output of which is fed into a high-power, high-fidelity,
side frequency range public address system, is used to reproduce
sounds common to the battlefield. Small arms, automatic weapons,
vehicles, aircraft, and incoming artillery rounds are a few of the
sounds that may be reproduced.
36. Equipment
a. A sonic unit consists of a magnetic tape recorder-reproducer
(with its own pre-amplifier) , a separate high-powered final ampli-
fier, a high-fidelity loudspeaker and the power generator. The
complete system is mounted on a %,-ton truck. Each unit carries
its own small library of pre-recorded sounds as well as a supply
of blank tapes for on-the-spot recording of sounds peculiar to
a given area.
*******
37. Employment
a. Sonic units may be used to augment the sounds of battle.
These units, assigned to the Aggressor force, may be employed
with any size unit from squad to company level. When this squad,
platoon, or company is engaged in a fire fight, the sonic units
reproduce the appropriate weapon sound effects which create
the illusion that a much larger force is present in the area.
b. Particularly under cover of darkness, inclement weather,
or low visibility, sonic units may be employed to reproduce the
sounds of wheeled or tracked vehicles in convoy. The success of
such missions depends essentially upon the ability of the Aggres-
sor force to prevent their detection by United States forces.
c. Sonic units may also be employed for the purpose of broad-
casting both "live" and pre-recorded propaganda messages.
34
38. Capabilities and Limitations
a. Sonic equipment is designed to operate in all types of
weather. However, adverse weather conditions, such as rain and
high winds, will limit the fidelity and range of the reproduced
sounds. The sonic units should, if possible, be located on gen-
erally higher elevations than the target, and upwind. High
terrain between the sonic unit and the target reduces volume
and fidelity of the sounds in the target area.
*******
52. Training Aids
* * * * * * *
b. Supply Items. Aggressor military uniforms, insignia,
identity documents, report forms, various type leaflets, posters,
and technical intelligence items are normally available through
army training aids centers and may be obtained through normal
supply channels (DA Pamphlet 30-30). Certain special equip-
ment * * * issue the equipment.
c. Aggressor Language (FM 30-101-1). Esperanto is the
* * * a specific exercise.
59. Aggressor Order of Battle
* * * * * * *
c. (Superseded) Where the tactical situation in a particular
exercise is a departure from Aggressor history outlined in FM
30-103, order of battle data may be added locally. Aggressor
satellite order of battle, when required, may be obtained from
the United States Army Aggressor Center upon request.
63. Aggressor Agents
* * * * * I'fi *
b. Background stories of * * * Aggressor counterintelligence
apparatus. Agents may be Aggressor nationals, Aggressor sol-
diers who have evaded capture in previous campaigns, or the
United States and Allied nationals sympathetic to the Aggressor
cause.
*******
70. Psychological Warfare and Training Exercises
Psychological warfare is * * * by the propagandist. In this
manner, the maneuver situation can be capitalized on and inter-
preted to the target audience (United States troops). Psycho-
logical warfare activities * * * peace time exercises:
* * * * «*:'.!
35
Section III. UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
So much of paragraphs 75 and 76 as reads "partisan" is changed
to read "guerrilla."
93. Field Employment
a. So much of this subparagraph as reads "11 October 1960"
is deleted.
*******
36
APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
So much of this appendix as reads "FM 30-15, Examination of
Personnel and Documents" is changed to read "FM 30-15, Intelli-
gence Interrogations (U)." "FM 30-101A Esperanto Language"
is changed to read "FM 30-101-1 Esperanto, The Aggressor Lan-
guage." "FM 31-15 Operations Against Airborne Attack Guerrilla
Action and Infiltration" is changed to read "FM 31-15 Operations
Against Irregular Forces." (Added) "FM 30-17, Counterintelli-
gence Operations, Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army (U)," and "FM
33-5 Psychological Warfare Operations."
37
APPENDIX III
AGGRESSOR DOCUMENTS
(Superseded)
1 . Preparation of Aggressor Documents
In the preparation of Aggressor documents, English may be
used by the Aggressor force commander in field orders, adminis-
trative instructions, conversion plan, messages, and intelligence
reports to units assigned to his command. Personal documents
and other prepared documents injected into exercises for intelli-
gence training may appear in the appropriate Aggressor language.
Also these documents may use conventional signs and military
symbols as prescribed in chapter 5 and appendix II.
2. Forms
a. Blank Forms. The forms appearing in this appendix are
outlined in English and Esperanto for the purpose of guiding
individuals responsible for the preparation of Aggressor docu-
ments. The forms do not cover all situations or units, nor can
every item shown be applied to every situation or unit. In making
use of the forms, the responsible individuals must keep in mind
the units involved, time available, and the particular situation;
the details should be selected, incorporated, and modified accord-
ingly. When documents not covered by the forms are desired,
the form of the most closely related document will be followed,
as company roster form and platoon roster form. The forms
appearing in this appendix are listed in Department of the Army
Pamphlet 30-30, Aggressor Supplies, and may be obtained from
the US Army Aggressor Center upon request.
b. Overlays. Aggressor overlays are made and employed in
the same manner as U.S. overlays. Conventional signs, symbols,
and terminology appearing in appendix II may be used. When no
appropriate sign, symbol, or term is available, those of the U.S.
military services may be used. The foregoing rules apply also
to the maintenance of situation maps.
38
c. Miscellaneous. Like any modern army, Aggressor makes
use of official and personal letters, notebooks, diaries, photographs,
post cards, and other miscellaneous documents for which there
is no prescribed form. These documents may appear in any
logical form with the full use of Aggressor terminology.
3. List of Forms
a. Personnel:
Form No.
Officer's identification card 1
Soldier's identity book 2
Circle Trigon membership card 3
Soldier's permanent pass 4
Soldier's temporary pass 5
Unit roster 7
Unit strength report 8
b. Orders and Intelligence Reports:
Field operations order 9
Rear Services order 10
Intelligence annex 11
Intelligence estimate 12
Periodic intelligence report 13
Intelligence summary 14
Message form 15
PW tag (app. IV) 44
Injectee briefing (app. IV) 45
Injectee debriefing (app. IV) 46
c. Medical:
Medical collecting point log 16
Field hospital weekly report ------ 17
Medical casualty tag - - 18
39
IDENTIGO
POR
OFICIROJ
i AGRESAJ TERFORTOJ
; Oficejo dela Terarmea Adjutanta Generalo
: INDENTlSo POR OFICIROJ
• Nomo
: Rango
j Subskribo
: Kontrol-
£ Subskribo
| (Dato)
Front
Alteco Kolor de Okuloj
Pezo (Funtoj) Koloro de Korpo
Koloro de Haro Dato de Naskigo
INSTRUKCIOJ
Ci tiii dokumento devas esti uzita NUR por oficialaj celoj kaj se
perdo devas esti raportita tuj. Trovanto redonu ci tiun dokumenton
al la plejproksima agresa cefsidejo, afi resendu per posto al la Offcejo
de la Terarmea Adjutanta Generalo.
Reverse Side
Form 1. Officer's identification, Esperanto,
40
IDENTIFICATION
FOR
OFFICERS
AGGRESSOR GROUND FORCES
Office of the Ground Army Adjutant General
IDENTIFICATION FOR OFFICERS
Name...
i
£
Countersigned
(Date)
3
Front
Height — -
Color of Eyes
Weight (Pounds)
Complexion
Color of Hair
Date of Birth
INSTRUCTIONS
This document may be used only for official purposes and if lost must
be reported immediately. Finder, return this document to the nearest
Aggressor Headquarters, or return by mail to the Office of the Ground
Forces Adjutant General.
Reverse Side
Form 1. Officer's identification, English.
41
IDENTIGO
POR
MILITA PERSONARO
NOMO
TERFORTOJ )
AVIADFORTOJ > NUMERO
MARARMEO )
HEJMPOSTENO _
KRONIKO de DEJORADO
(baza pre par ad a unito)
roto, re gime nto au b at aliono unito numero
r6t67regiment6 a
promocioj
RANGO AL RANGO STA
RANG 6 AL RANG O ST ABE J 6 DAT 6 KO MAN DA NTO DE UNITO
RANGO AL RANGO STABEJO DATO KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
DATO DE NASKIGO LOKO...
RELIGIO OKUPO
ALTECO PEZO (FUNTOJ)
PATRO
PATRINO...
URBO
ADRESO
EDZINO
URBO
ADRESO
JAROJ DE LERNEJO
Page 1
Form 2. Soldier's Identity Book, Esperanto.
42
SUBSKRIBO DE SOLDATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
REGISTRO DE SALAJRO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
MILITA LERNEJO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
DATO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
DATO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
DATO
ORDENOJ
TIPO
DATO
Tago Monato Jaro
KLARIGO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
Page 2
Form 2 — Continued.
43
TIPO
DATO
Tago Monato Jaro
KLARIGO -
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
KAMPANJOJ
REGULOJ
1. CI TIU LIBRO SERVAS LA SOLDATO KIEL REGISTRO
DE DEJORADO KAJ ESTAS ANKAU PER LEGITIMO.
2. LA SOLDATO DEVAS PORTI CI TIU SUR LIA PERSONO
EN TUTAJ TEMOJ.
3. ESTAS LA SOLDATO RESPONDECO KE LA ENTRIOJ
ESTAS SlSDATA TRA LIA UNITO.
4. CI TIU ESTAS OFICIALA DOKUMENTO. ENTRIOJ ES-
TAS FAROTA NUR DE AGRESAJ MILITAJ UNITOJ.
ENTRIOJ PER LA SOLDATO ESTAS MALPERMESATA.
5. SE LA SOLDATO PERDAS CI TIU LIBRO, DEVAS RA-
PORTI LA FAKTOJ AL LIA UNITO TUJ.
Page 3
Form 2 — Continued.
44
IDENTIFICATION
FOR
SOLDIERS
NAME
GROUND FORCE)
AIR FORCE > NUMBER
NAVY )
home station
service record
("b^s^c'tra^ningunit")
company," regime
COMPANY, REGIMENT UNIT NUMBER
PROMOTIONS
RANK TO RANK HEADQUARTERS DATE COMMANDER OF UNIT
RANK TO RANK HEADQUARTERS DATE COMMANDER OF UNIT
RANK TO RANK HEADQUARTERS DATE COMMANDER OF UNIT
DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH...
RELIGION OCCUPATION.
HEIGHT ......WEIGHT (POUNDS)
FATHER
MOTHER....
CITY
ADDRESS
WIFE
CITY
ADDRESS
YEARS OF EDUCATION
Page 1
Form 2. Soldier's Identity Book, English.
45
SOLDIER'S SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF
UNIT COMMANDER
PAY REGISTER
PAY SCALE.._
DATE
S IGN ATURE AND RANK OF PAYMASTER
PAY SCALE
DATE
S I G N A T UR E A ND R A N K O F P A Y M A S T E R
PAY SCALE -
DATE .....
SIGN ATURE AN
MILITARY SCHOOLS
NAME OF SCHOOL DATE
NAME OF SCHOOL DATE '
NAME OF SCHOOL DATE
DECORATIONS
TYPE -
DATE
Date Month Year
SYNOPSIS
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF
UNIT COMMANDER
Page 2
Form 2 — Continued.
46
TYPE
DATE
Date Month Year
SYNOPSIS
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF
UNIT COMMANDER
CAMPAIGNS
REGULATIONS
1. THIS BOOK SERVES THE SOLDIER AS A RECORD OF
SERVICE AND IS ALSO A MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION.
2. THE SOLDIER IS REQUIRED TO CARRY THIS BOOK ON
HIS PERSON AT ALL TIMES.
3. IT IS THE SOLDIER'S RESPONSIBILITY THAT THE
ENTRIES BE KEPT UP TO DATE THROUGH THIS UNIT.
4. THIS IS AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. ENTRIES ARE TO
BE MADE ONLY BY AGGRESSOR MILITARY UNITS.
ENTRIES BY THE SOLDIER ARE PROHIBITED.
5. IF THE SOLDIER LOSES THIS BOOK, HE WILL REPORT
THE FACTS TO HIS UNIT IMMEDIATELY.
Page 3
Form, 2 — Continued.
47
RONDO TRIGON ALI&LO
TRIGON FEDERACIO
POR
KONSTITUCIA LIBERECO
NOMO
SUBSKRIBO
RESPONDULO
ALSUBSKRIBITA
Sekretario
Numero
Front
PARTIAJ LESOJ POR ALIGILOJ POSEDOJ
Nur Membroj juranta lojaleco al principoj de la Partio povas porti
ci tiu karto.
Ci tiu karto devas esti subskribita de respondulo kaj alsubskribita
de Partia sekretario.
Nur membroj en bona financa reputo estas rajtigata al karto.
6i tiu karto estas lafilega per uno jaro komenci:
Partio povas nuligi la karto kaj la membreco je iam se gi estas
dekretita de la alto kaflkuso.
A
Perdo de la karto devas estl raportita tuj al via Grupa Cefo.
CI TIU KARTO NE ESTAS TRANSIGEBLA
Reverse Side
Form 3. Circle Trigon membership card, Esperanto.
48
CIRCLE TRIGON MEMBERSHIP CARD
TRIGON FEDERATION
FOR
CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTIES
NAME
SIGNATURE
SPONSOR
COUNTERSIGNED
Secretary
Number
Front
PARTY LAWS FOR CARD HOLDERS
Only members swearing allegiance to the Party's principles may
carry this card.
This card may be signed by the inductor and countersigned by the
Party secretary.
Only members in good financial standing are entitled to this card.
This card is valid for one year starting: :
The Party may revoke the card and the membership at any time if it
is decreed by the High Caucus.
The loss of the card must be reported immediately to your cell chief.
THIS CARD IS NOT TRANSFERABLE
Reverse Side
Form 3. Circle Trigon membership card, English.
49
CIAMA PERMESO
Numero Dato
La portanto de ci tiu permeso,
(NOMO) (RANGO)
(UNITO)
Estas rajtigita
SIGELO
SUBSKRIBO, RANGO DE
DISDONANTA OFICIRO
Noto. $i tiu formo povas esti uzita por ciuj okazoj kie pur certa popolo havas rajtigo al
certaj instaloj, por ekzemple, postao komizo por kolekti posta en Kampo Fost-oficejo.
Disdonanta oficiro estos unita komandanto au asignia staba oficiro de la Agresa
unito. La unito konservas fajlo de ciamaj permesoj eldonita de:
Nro. de permeso ,
Persono al kiun eldonita
Celo
50
Form 4- Soldier's permanent pass, Esperanto.
PERMANENT PASS
Numher
Date
The bearer of this pass,
(NAME
(RANK)
(UNIT)
is authorized
; SEAL i
SIGNATURE, RANK OF
ISSUING OFFICER
Note. This form can be used for all cases where designated people only have access to
certain installations, for example, mail clerk to pick up mail at Field Post Office.
Issuing officer will be the unit commander or designated staff officer of the Ag-
gressor unit. The unit maintains a record of permanent passes issued by:
No. of Pass _ --.
Person to whom issued
Purpose
Form U- Soldier*8 permanent pass, English.
51
PROVISORA PERMESO
PROVISORA PERMESO
DATO
(NOMO KAJ RANGO)
Estas raitis'ita
Por
De
Sis -
j SIGELO
(SUBSKRIBO DE DISDONANTA
OFICIERO)
(UNITO)
Noto. fii tiu formo povas esti uzita de ciuj unitoj kiel provisora permeso. Ne devas esti
uzita kiel forpermeso kaj generate ne bona por periodoj de pli ol tri tagoj.
52
Form 5. Soldier's temporary pass, Esperanto.
TEMPORARY PASS
TEMPORARY PASS
DATE
(NAME AND RANK)
Is authorized
For .
Prom
To -
i
! SEAL
i (SIGNATURE OP ISSUING
i OFFICER)
(UNIT)
Note. This form may be used by all units as a temporary pass. Not to be used as a fur-
lough and normally not valid for periods of more than three days.
Form 5. Soldier's temporary pass, English.
53
UNITO NOMARO
UNITO NOMARO
DATO-.
UNITO.
LOKO-
OFICIRO
RANGO
DEVO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SOLDATO
RANGO
DEVO
Form 7. Unit Roster, Esperanto.
54
UNIT ROSTER
DATE.
UNIT ROSTER
UNIT.
PLACE.
OFFICER
RANK
DUTY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SOLDIER
RANK
DUTY
Aggressor units may vary from this form In making rosters for company purpose,
but this form is followed when the roster is to be submitted to higher headquarters.
Additional pages are added as needed. Names are listed in order of rank.
Form 7. Unit Roster, English.
55
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SUBOFICIROJ
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SOLDATOJ
ftps fts
ftps
Rajtigita Fortikeco
Antaua Periodo
Huna Periodo Helptrupoj
Alligitaj
Neasignitaj
(Perdoj)
Mortinulaj
Postigintulaj
Enhospitaligitaj
En Transiraj
Forpermesula
Tuta Fortikeco
56
p
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WO'S
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NCO'S
joiuag
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uoo}B[d
uoiipag
SOLDIERS
.ioiuagj
Authorized Strength
Previous Period
Current Period
Reinforcements
Attached
Casuals
(Losses)
Dead
Stragglers
Hospitalized
In Transit
Furlough
Total strength
57
KAMPOPERACIA ORDONA FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Paraf o :
Dato :
Forto
Kampoperacio Ordono Nro
Landkartoj
Dato... —
Horo
Loko
A. INFORMO PRI MALAMIKAJ FORTOJ.
B. INFORMO PRI AMIKAJ FORTOJ.
C. TASKOJ.
D. INSTRUKCIOJ AL SUBAJ UNITOJ.
E. SAN(k)J.
f. administraj instrukcioj.
g. komunikaJoj.
h. postenoj de komando.
oficisto
almetajoj
Distribuo :
58
Form 9. Field Operation Order, Esperanto.
FIELD OPERATIONS ORDER FORM
Classifications :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
Force
Field Operations Order No
Maps __
Date -
Time
Place
A. INFORMATION ABOUT ENEMY FORCES.
B. INFORMATION ABOUT FRIENDLY FORCES.
C. TASKS.
D. INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBORDINATE UNITS.
E. CHANGES.
F. ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS.
G. COMMUNICATIONS.
H. POSTS OF COMMAND.
OFFICIAL
ANNEXES
Distribution
Form 9. Field Operation Order, English.
59
POSTSERVADAJ ORDONA FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Parafo :
Dato:
__ Forto
Postservadaj Ordono Nro
Iri kun Kampoperacia Ordono Nro
Landkartoj
Dato -
Horo
Loko....
A. Alia Stabejoj
1. Loko: Depotoj venonta pli alta nivelo
2. Loko: Aliaj Postservadaj unitoj kaj instalajoj
3. Loko: Dua nivelo stabejo
4. Loko: Organa plifortikiganta unitoj
B. Post kaj flanka limo de organizajoj
C. Proviza Sistemo:
1. Fazo I
2. Fazo II
3. Fazo III
4. Fazo IV
5. Fazo V
D. Provizoj
1. Pafmunicio, rajtiginta porcio kaj rezervitaro
2. Porcioj, rajtiginta porcio kaj rezervitaro
3. Benzino, oleo, lubrikajoj, rajtiginta porcio kaj rezervitaro
60
Form 10. Rear Services Order Form, Esperanto.
E. Provizaj kaj Malokupaj vojoj
1. Provizaj vojoj
2. Malokuapaj vojoj
3. Malokupa sistemo
a. Viktimoj
b. Militkaptitoj
c. Enterigaj instruckcioj
d. Kaptitaj Materialoj
F. Asigno de Transportado
1. Trafika Kontrolo
2. Konservado de vojoj
3. Kamufladaj Donitajoj
G. Komando kaj Signalo
H. Sekureco kaj Defendo de Postservada areo
1. Kontrola unito
2. Subtenaj unitoj
3. Radiaj kontroloj kaj malpurigitaj unitoj per zono
I. Diversa :
1. Raportoj
2. Specialaj Taskoj
3. Lokaj rimedoj
4. Posto
5. Alia
Page 2
Form 10. Rear Services Order Form, Esperanto.
61
REAR SERVICES ORDER FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
. Force
Rear Services Order No
To go with Field Operations Order No
Map
Date....
Hour
Place
A. Other Headquarters
1. Location: Depots next higher echelon
2. Location: Other Rear service units and installations
3. Location: Second echelon Headquarters
4. Location: Organic reinforcing units
B. Rear and flank boundaries of organization
C. Supply System:
1. Phase I
2. Phase II
3. Phase III
4. Phase IV
5. Phase V
D. Supplies
1. Ammunition, authorized allowance and reserve
2. Rations, authorized allowance and reserve
3. Gasoline, oil, lubricants, authorized allowance and reserve
62
Form 10. Rear Services Order Form, English.
E. Supply and Evacuation Routes
1. Supply routes
2. Evacuation routes
3. Evacuation system
a. Casualties
b. POW
c. Burial instructions
d. Captured material
F. Allocation of Transportation
1. Traffic control
2. Maintenance of routes
3. Camouflage date
G. Command and Signal
H. Security and Defense of the rear service area
1. Control unit
2. Support units
3. Radiological control and decontamination units by zone
I. Miscellaneous :
1. Reports
2. Special missions
3. Local resources
4. Mail
5. Other
Page 2
Form 10. Rear Services Order Form, English .
63
INTELIGENTECA ALMETAJA FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Paraf o :
Dato:
Forto
Dato:
Inteligenteca Almetaja Nro
Ordona Nro.
por Operacio Horo:
Loko de
Komandposteno :
Landkartoj
A. Resumo de malamika sitcuacio.
B. Esencaj elementoj de informo.
C. Esplorada kaj observada objektivo
1. Instrukcio por subaj unitoj.
2. Peto por pli altaj kaj helpaj unitoj.
D. Instrukcio por administrado de personaro, dokumentoj,
kaj ekipajo.
1. Militkaptitoj, Forkurantoj, kaj aliaj personoj.
2. Kaptaj dokumentoj.
3. Kapta ekipajo.
E. Landkartoj kaj fotografajoj.
F. Kontraiiainteligenteco.
G. Raportoj kaj distribuado.
N
(Titolo (Komandanto) )
Aldonoj
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
64
Form, 11. Intelligence Annex, Esperanto.
INTELLIGENCE ANNEX FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date :
Force
Date:
Intelligence Annex No.
to Opn's
Hour :
Order No.
CP Location :
Maps:
A. Summation of Enemy Situation.
B. Essential Elements of Information.
C. Reconnaissance and Observation Objective.
1. Instruction to subordinate units.
2. Request to higher and cooperating units.
D. Instructions for handling personnel, documents, and
equipment.
1. POW's, Deserters, and other persons.
2. Captured documents.
3. Captured equipment.
E. Maps and photographs.
F. Counterintelligence.
G. Reports and distribution.
(Title (Commander))
Appendices
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 11. Intelligence Annex, English.
65
INTELIGENTECA TAKSA FORMULARO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Parafo :
Dato :
Forto
Dato :
Inteligenteca Taksa Numero
Horo :
Landkartoj :
Loco de
Komandposteno :
A. Tasko (Objectivo)
B. Situacio kaj Piano de Ago
1. Konsideroj influanto la oblaj piano j de Ago kaj nia
Tasko.
2. Malamika Situacio.
3. Malamikaj Kapabloj
C. Efekto de Malamika Piano de Ago sur nia Tasko
Inteligenteca Oficiro
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
Form 12. Intelligence Estimate, Esperanto.
66
INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
Force
Date:
Intelligence Estimate No.
Hour :
Maps:
CP Location:
A. Task (Objective)
B. Situation and Plan of Action
1. Considerations affecting the possible plan of action
and our task.
2. Enemy Situation.
3. Enemy Capabilities.
C. Effect of Enemy Plan of Action on our Task.
/s/
Intelligence Officer
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 12. Intelligence Estimate, English.
67
PERIODA INTELIGENTECA RAPORTA FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Paraf o :
Dato:
Forto Dato :
Perioda Inteligenteca Raporta Numero ... Horo:
Landkartoj : Loco de
Komandposteno :
A. Informo de malamiko je fino de periodo.
B. Malamikaj operacioj je fino de periodo.
1. Resumo.
2. Novaj malamikaj taktikoj, kaj armiloj au alia ma-
terial.
3. Operacioj de malamikaj subtenaj elementoj.
C. Aliaj Inteligenteca j faktoroj.
D. Kontrauainteligenteco (mallonga resume de kontrauain-
teligenteca situacio dum la periodo) .
E. Malamikaj kapabloj.
1. Listo de direktoj de ago.
2. Diskuto kaj analizo de subparagrafo E-l.
3. Deduktoj rilate al relativa probableco de alpreno de
malamikaj kapabloj.
M - - - -
(Titolo (Komandanto) )
Almetajoj
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
Form IS. Periodic Intelligence Report, Esperanto.
68
PERIODIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
A. Information of enemy at end of period.
B. Enemy operations at end of period.
1. Summation.
2. New enemy tactics and arms or other material.
3. Operations of enemy supporting elements.
C. Other intelligence factors.
D. Counterintelligence (brief summation of counterintelli-
gence situation during the period).
E. Enemy capabilities.
1. Listing courses of action.
2. Discussion and analysis of subparagraph E-l.
3. Deductions as to relative probability of adoption of
enemy capabilities.
Force
Date:
Periodic Intelligence Report No.
Maps :
Hour :
CP Location:
(Title (Commander) )
Annexes
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 13. Periodic Intelligence Report, English.
69
INTELIGENTECA RESUMA FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo :
Parafo :
Dato :
...Forto Dato:
Inteligenteca Resuma Numero Horo:
Landkartoj : Loco de,
Komandposteno :
A. Informo de malamika ago por la periodo.
B. Specialaj inteligenteca j observadoj.
1. Loco de voj-blokadoj kaj minkampoj.
2. Novaj identecoj.
3. Malamikaj veturiloj detruata (takso) .
4. Malamikaj movadoj.
5. Vetero kaj kondico de grundo.
a. Vetero.
b. Kondicoj por trafiko.
C. Takso de situacio kun deduktoj.
M
Inteligenteca Oficiro
Distribuado
Autentikigo
i SIGELO
70
Form H. Intelligence Summary, Esperanto.
INTELLIGENCE SUMMARY FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
Force
Date:
Intelligence Summary No
Hour:
Maps:
CP Location:
A. Information of enemy activity for the period.
B. Special intelligence observations.
1. Location of road-blocks and mine fields.
2. New identifications.
3. Enemy vehicles destroyed (estimated).
4. Enemy movements.
5. Weather and condition of ground.
a. Weather.
b. Conditions for traffic.
C. Estimate of situation with deductions :
/«/■
Intelligence Officer
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 14. Intelligence Summary, English.
71
Radio: EN&FRI ANTAUECO:.
KLARA DATO:
POR
Pozicio Unita numero
SENDO:
Nomo Rango
Konfidencia
Sekreta
Plej Sekreta
Pozicio Unita numero
Ago de Signala Sekcio.
Dato/Tempo de transsendo Parafo
72
Form 15. Message form, Esperanto.
Radio: ENCIPHER PRECEDENCE:
CLEAR DATE:
FOR '.
Position Unit Number
SENDER:...
Name Rank
Confidential
Secret
Top Secret
Position Unit Number
Action by Signal Section
Date/Time of Transmission Initials
Note. This form serves the Aggressor Forces in the same manner as U. S. message form
serves the U. S. forces.
Form 15. Message form, English.
73
KURACA FAKO
TAGLIBRO DE KURACA KOLEKTA PUNKTO
Unito.
Dato..
Loko..
Numero
Nomo
Rango
Milita
Numero
Unito
Diagnozo
Disponado
74
Form 16. Medical Collecting Point Log, Esperanto.
MEDICAL BRANCH
LOG OF MEDICAL COLLECTING POINT
Unit-
Date..
Place.
Number
Name
Rank
Serial
Number
Unit
Diagnosis
Disposition
Note. This log is kept at a]] medical collecting points and serves as a record of all
patients receiving attention.
Form 16. Medical collecting point log f English.
75
KURACA FAKO
CIUSEMAJNA RAPORTO PRI MALSANULOJ
KAJ VUNDULOJ
1. KAMPA HOSPITALO:
LOKO:
2. POR LA PERIODO DE SEP TAGOJ KOMENCO:
3. MEZA CIUTAGA FORTIKECO : OFICIROJ:
SOLDATOJ:
4. NOMBRO DE MALSANULOJ:
Tipo de
viktimoj
Sumo en
komenco
de
periodo
Nova
alven-
intoj
Resendita
al dejoro
kaj
evakuita
Mort-
intoj
Sumo en
fino de
periodo
Sangigoj
Malsanuloj
Vunduloj
Sumo
5. UNITOJ SERVITA DE HOSPITALO:
6. §ANGIGOJ:
7. SUBSKRIBO:
(ADJUTANTO AU KOMANDANTO)
Form 17. Field Hospital Weekly Report, Esperanto.
76
MEDICAL BRANCH
WEEKLY REPORT OF SICK AND WOUNDED
1. FIELD HOSPITAL:
PLACE :
2. FOR THE PERIOD OF SEVEN DAYS BEGINNING:
3. AVERAGE DAILY STRENGTH: OFFICERS:
SOLDIERS:
4. NUMBER OF SICK:
Type of
Victims
Number
at begin-
ning of
period
New
arriv-
als
Returned
to service
and
evacuated
Dead
Number
at end
of
period
Changes
Sick
Wounded
Total
5. UNITS SERVED BY HOSPITAL:
6. CHANGES:
7. SIGNATURE:
(ADJUTANT OR COMMANDER)
Note. Item 3 applies only to patients. Units listed in 5 and 6 are designated by code
name or number when report is made within the theater of operations.
Form 1 7. Field Hospital Weekly Report, English
77
Nomo
Milita Nro
Ago Dejoro (jaroj)
Rango Unito
Regimento au Stabo
Dato, horo, kaj kolekta punkto kie dokumentoj estis alligita.
Diagnozo:
Kuracado :
Disponado:
(SUBSKRIBO DE KURACISTO)
TRANSPORTA MEMORANDO
Por registri evakuado de malsanuloj, kuraeaj klarigaj unitoj, hospitalaj
vegonaroj, hospitalaj slipoj kaj periloj de transportado, la suba formo
devas esti kompletigata.
De al
....Per
Maniero de transporto
Dato
De al—
-Per
Maniero de transporto
Dato
De al
....Per
Maniero de transporto
Dato
78
Form 18. Medical Casualty Tag, Esperanto.
Name
ASN
Age Time in Service (yes)
Rank Unit
Regiment or Staff
Date, hour, and collecting point where documents were attached
Diagnosis :
Cure:
Disposition :
(SIGNATURE OP MEDICAL OFFICER)
Note. Information pertaining to the patient must correspond to the entries made in his
identity book.
TRANSPORTATION MEMORANDUM
For registering evacuation of sick, medical clearing units, hospital
cards, hospital slips and media of transportation, the below form must
be completed.
From to.... By
Mode of Transport Date
From to By
Mode of Transport Date
From to By
Mode of Transport Date
Form 18. Medical Casualty Tag, English.
79
APPENDIX IV
FORMS FOR PREPARED PRISONERS OF WAR ACTIVITY
Section I. FORM FOR BRIEFING PREPARED PRISONERS
(Form 45)
(Superseded)
This form is a recommended guide for intelligence agencies in
preparation of prisoners of war for injection in any exercise.
BRIEFING FOR AGGRESSOR PW INJECTEE (No )
1. U. S. Identity of Injectee
a. Grade and Name:
b. Serial Number : c. Unit:
2. Injection Data
a. Date and Time to be Injected:
b. Unit to Receive Injectee:..
c. Place of Injection:
d. Method of Injection: (Select one of the following methods.)
(1) Deliver Directly to Player Personnel
(Controller must provide the following information
to player receiving the PW)
(a) Date and Time of Capture:
(b) Place of Capture:
(c) Capturing Unit:
(d) Circumstances of Capture:...
(2) Release in area to move about until capture.
3. Special Instructions
a. Type of Personality to be Portrayed:..
b. Aggressor Documents and Equipment to be Carried:
c. Immediately prior to injection PW must receive briefing on
tactical situation in the area where PW will be captured !
// Properly Interrogated, PW Will Divulge
Fallowing Information to Player Personnel
80
4. Aggressor Identity of PW
a. Grade and Name:
b. Serial Number: c. Unit:
d. Duty Assignment and Mission When Captured:
5. Personal Background
a. Date and Place of Birth:
b. Education
c. Civilian Occupation:
d. Marital Status:
(1) Name of Wife:...
(2) Name of Children:...
e. Names of Parents; Address and Occupation:
6. Military Experience
a. Date of Entry into Aggressor Armed Forces :
b. Date Joined Present Unit:
c. Special Training and Schools:
d. Campaigns Participated in:
7. Information Concerning PW's Unit
a. Designation: b. Location:
c. Mission: d. Strength:....
e. Casualties: /. Replacements:
g. Organizational Structure:
h. Type, Number, and Characteristics of Weapons and Equip-
ment:
i. Communications :
Fortifications :..
k. Supply Situation:
I. Artillery Support: ..
to. Morale: :.
n. Personalities:
o. Code Name & AFPO Number:....
p. Unit History:
q. Other Information (installations, etc.) :
8. Information Concerning Other Aggressor Units
(May include information similar to the type provided for
PW's unit) :
81
9. Special Information
(nuclear, chemical, biological, political, new or unusual organ-
ization, tactics and equipment) :.
10. Additional Remarks Concerning Above Items
Section II. PW TAG (Form 44)
(Superseded)
This form is a recommended guide for tagging prisoners of
war, captured documents, or captured equipment.
(Front Side)
( ) PRISONER OF WAR TAG ( Check )
(Applicable)
( ) CAPTURED DOCUMENT TAG ( Title )
( )
( ) CAPTURED EQUIPMENT TAG ( )
1. Grade and Name or Type of Document or Designation of Equip-
ment
2. Serial No. (If applicable)
3. Date and Time Captured:
4. Place Captured :
5. Capturing Unit:
6. Circumstances of Capture:
(Reverse Side)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
1. This tag will be completed by the capturing unit or as early as
possible with data furnished by the capturing unit.
2. Tag each prisoner of war (loop card around neck) or affix tag
to captured documents and equipment.
3. Prisoners of war will be warned not to lose, mutilate, or destroy
their tags.
4. This tag will not be removed from captured documents and
equipment.
82
Section III. DEBRIEFING FORM (Form 46)
(Superseded)
This form is a recommended guide for the debriefing of prepared
prisoners of war upon their return to the Intelligence agency
which injected them into the exercise.
DEBRIEFING OF AGGRESSOR PW INJEGTEE (No )
(Form 46)
1. U. S. Identity of Injectee
a. Grade and Name: _.
6. Serial Number: c. Unit:
2. Injection Data
a. Date and Time of Injection :
6. Unit that Received Injectee:. __
c. Place of Injection:..
d. Method of Injection:...
e. Date and Time of Capture:
/. Place of Capture :
g. Capturing Unit :....
h. Circumstances of Capture:
i. Type of Personality Portrayed:..
j. Aggressor Documents and Equipment Carried:
3. Aggressor Identity of Injectee
a. GradeandName:
6. Serial Number: c. Unit:
d. Duty Assignment and Mission When Captured :
4. Handling
a. Were you searched for weapons, Aggressor documents, and
equipment when captured?
6. At what echelon was tagging effected for the injectee, Ag-
gressor documents, and equipment?..
c. Did you have an opportunity to escape at any time or to
destroy Aggressor documents and special equipment that you
were carrying?... _
d. Were Aggressor documents and special equipment in your
possession at time of capture evacuated with you?
e. Indicate successive echelons through which you were evacu-
ated from time of capture to last interrogation point, the time at
each echelon, and whether or not you were interrogated at
each echelon
83
/. During evacuation, did you pass through CP's, supply in-
stallations, or troop concentrations?
g. Were other injectees and PW's properly segregated at all
times?....
h. Were you mistreated at any time in violation of exercise
rules?
5. Interrogation
a. Explain briefly the method of interrogation
b. Were Aggressor documents and special equipment in your
possession when captured properly utilized during interrogation?
c. Was interrogator successful in obtaining all Aggressor infor-
mation from you ? If not, what tactical information did
you volunteer to the interrogator?
6. Miscellaneous
Was all personal equipment, except Aggressor documents and
special equipment, returned to you when you were released by
U.S. Forces? If not, explain
7. Additional Remarks
Debriefing Conducted by:
(Rank and Name)
84
APPENDIX VI
TRAINING PROGRAM FOR AGGRESSOR PERSONNEL
(Superseded)
Section I. PRE-EXERCISE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR
GUIDANCE IN THE INSTRUCTION OF TROOPS REPRESENTING
AGGRESSOR IN TRAINING EXERCISES
This schedule and program of instruction is a recommended
guide for Aggressor troops participating in training exercises.
Lesson plans for this POI are available at the Aggressor Center
and may be obtained as desired.
SCHEDULE
Subject Hour*
GENERAL 5
Introduction and Organization of Aggressor
Field Forces and Air Army (2)
Aggressor Uniforms, Insignia, and Equipment Markings (1)
Aggressor Language and Forms (1)
Aggressor Order of Battle 1 (1)
AGGRESSOR TACTICS 4
Aggressor Basic Principles (1)
Aggressor Ground Force Tactics (2)
Special Operations as Required (1)
AGGRESSOR REPRESENTATION 8
Organization of an Aggressor Force 1 (2)
Aggressor as an Intelligence Training Aid 2 (1)
Aggressor Simulation Equipment and Devices s (l)
Employment of Aggressor (4)
MANEUVER CONTROL 1
Umpiring (1)
TOTAL HOURS ... 18
1 Instruction relative to the specific Aggressor unit that is to be portrayed.
2 Orientation for all troops. (Personnel that will prepare documents and those assigned to
serve as prepared prisoners of war must receive more thorough specialized training.)
3 Orientation for all troops. (Personnel that aetually will handle and operate the equipment
must receive additional specialized training.)
Note. All Aggressor participating in any exercise should be given a brief daily orientation
on Aggressor activities in connection with development of positions, phase lines, reconnaissance,
and other related and interesting development of the exercise.
85
PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION
GENERAL SUBJECTS (5 HRS)
Subject
Introduction
and Organiza-
tion of Aggr
Field Forces
and Air
Army.
Aggr uniforms,
insignia and
equipment
markings.
Aggressor lan-
guage and
forms.
Aggressor
Order of
Battle.
Hours
and Type
2 C
1 C
1 C
1 C
Scope of instruction
Purpose and scope of course;
history and mission of
Aggr, the military system
and organization of the
army group, field army
divisions, GHQ and air
army.
Uniforms and insignia of the
Aggr army, air force, and
high command. Awards
and decorations.
Introduction to Esperanto;
Aggr forms and use of
Esperanto on forms.
Introduction of units to be
portrayed in any particu-
lar Exercise; index to
officers; armed forces pos-
tal system and reference
data.
Reference
FM 30-101,
chap 1;
FM 30-102,
chap 1 and
2; FM 30-
103, chap
3.
FM 30-101,
chap 2, sec.
6, chap 3.
FM 30-101,
app. III.
FM 30-103,
chap 11,
chap 12,
app. Exer-
cise Order
of Battle.
AGGRESSOR TACTICS (4 HRS)
Subject
Aggressor
Basic
Principles.
Hours
and type
1 c
Aggr Ground
Force Tactics.
Special
Operations.
Organization
of an Aggr
Force.
Aggr as an
Intelligence
Training Aid.
2 C
1 C
2C
1 C
Scope of instruction
Introduction to principles ;
mass dispersion, surprise,
command, control, unit
structure, combined arms,
Are support, defense
against nuclear attack,
combat and counterintelli-
gence, CBR operations.
Operations; advance, offen-
sive, pursuit, defense, and
supporting arms.
Phases as required to fit any
particular exercise.
Organizing U. S. unit into
Aggr units, uniform and
insignia requirements. Use
of Aggr names and per-
sonal documents.
Individual and unit intelli-
gence training, develop-
ment of the intelligence
training plan, phases of
activity, background scen-
ario, means of stimulation,
PWs, casualties, agents,
communications.
Reference
FM 30-102,
chap 2
FM 30-102,
chap 6, 7, 8,
9 and 10.
FM 30-102,
chap 13.
FM 30-101,
chap 7, app
IX, FM 30-
103, chap 10
and 11.
FM 30-101,
chap 5.
86
AGGRESSOR TACTICS (4 HRS)— Continued
Subject
Equipment
and Devices.
Employment of
Aggressor.
HourB
and type
Aggr Simulation 1 C
and D
4C,
PE
Scope of instruction
Reference
Prefabricated and expedient FM 30-101,
models, simulators, adap-
ters and marking of equip-
ment.
Employment and rehearsal
of Aggr in a tactical exer-
cise.
chap 3.
All previous
references
and the
General
Plan.
Umpiring
MANEUVER CONTROL (1 HR)
1 C Orientation of the Aggr
forces in the duties and
functions of umpires.
FM 105-5,
pars 19-23,
37-64.
Section II. ARTILLERY FIRE SIMULATOR EQUIPMENT AND
PREFABRICATED PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
(4 HRS)
Personnel assigned to assist in the erection, employment defla-
tion and maintenance of the pneumatic models, and those that will
handle pyrotechnics and/or serve as Aggressor artillerymen should
undergo this specialized training.
Subject
Pneumatic
equipment.
. Artillery
Simulator
Banks.
PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION
Hours
and type Scope of instruction
2 C, D Structural features; valves;
and PE unpacking, inflation; place-
ment of adjustment, dis-
mounting, repacking, care
and maintenance.
2 C, C Description and preparation
and PE of equipment; testing, care
and cleaning, misfires,
safety precautions.
Reference
FM 30-101,
sec II, chap
3. USA
Agg Cen
Pam:
"Instruc-
tions on
Care and
Mainte-
nance of
Pneumatic
Devices."
FM 30-101,
sec III,
chap 3.
USA Agg
Cen Pam:
"Instruc-
tions on
Multiple
Tube Artil-
lery Simu-
lator
Banks."
87
Section III. AGGRESSOR PREPARED PRISONER OF WAR AND
AGENT TRAINING (30 HRS)
Personnel to be employed as prisoners of war or agents, and
those assigned to assist in the preparation of background stories
should undergo this specialized training.
Subject
Introduction
Aggr uniforms
and
documents.
Signs and
Symbols.
Intelligence
Information
Agencies.
Interrogation
POW Proces-
sing.
Aggr
Language.
Hours
and type
2C
Scope of instruction
Missions and organization of
Aggressor force, Aggr his-
tory, political background
and military organization,
employment of prepared
prisoners, casualties and
agents.
Aggressor uniforms, insig-
nia, and decorations; docu-
ments and forms, and the
purpose for each.
Aggressor Signs and Sym-
bols.
Types of intelligence agen-
cies, purpose of each, nec-
essary coordination, head-
quarters level at which
various types of intelli-
gence units are found.
2 C, D Techniques employed in in-
and PE terrogating various types
of prisoners, testing of
background stories.
2 C Processing a prisoner of war
through various command
levels and techniques em-
ployed at each, type of in-
formation desired at each
level.
2 C, Use of Esperanto, transla-
PE tions of common military
terms to Esperanto.
1 C
and D
1 C
and PE
1 C
Reference
FM 30-101,
chap 2,
FM 30-102,
chap 1,
FM 30-103,
chap 3,
Aggr
Scenario,
Intelli-
gence
plan.
FM 30-101,
chap 2,
app III.
FM 30-101,
app II.
PM 30-5.
FM 30-15 and
TM 30-210.
FM 30-15 and
TM 30-210.
FM 30-101,
par 54c,
FM 30-
101-1.
88
Subject
Background
Stories and
Documents.
Hours
and type
8C
and
Scope of instruction
Preparation of briefs and
PE background stories for pre-
pared PW's, agents, check-
int>' for completeness and
accuracy, preparation of
documents to be carried by
PW's and agents.
Review
Map and
Terrain
Study.
8 C Review of mission, testing,
and PE background stories, final
check of documents for
completeness and accuracy,
review of all previous ma-
terial.
2 PE Map and terrain study of
exercise area, location of
boundaries, roads, bridges,
ground, woods, etc.
Counter- 1 C
intelligence.
Mission of counterintelli-
gence, methods of opera-
tions, use of passwords
and countersigns, uni-
forms and credentials.
Reference
Aggr
scenario,
background
stories,
documents,
intelligence
plans,
FM 30-101,
app III, IV
and V.
All previous
material.
Aerial photos
and maps
of Exercise
area, Aggr
scenario,
operation
orders and
tactical
plan.
FM 30-5.
89
APPENDIX IX
EXAMPLE OF PLAN FOR CONVERSION TO
AGGRESSOR FORCES
(Superseded)
HEADQUARTERS 1ST INFANTRY DIVISION
Fort Riley, Kansas
TRAINING MEMORANDUM 30 March 60
NUMBER 11
GENERAL PLAN FOR CONVERSION OF US 1ST BATTLE
GROUP 13TH INFANTRY TO AGGRESSOR 17TH MECH-
ANIZED RIFLE DIVISION FOR EXERCISE "STATIC LINE"
1. Effective Date
This training memorandum is effective for planning upon re-
ceipt and for implementation on D-10 or as directed by the exer-
cise director.
2. References
a. AR 350-177.
b. FM 30-101.
c. FM 30-101-1.
d. FM 30-102.
e. FM 30-103.
/. DA Pam 30-30.
g. Aggressor Drill and Ceremonies Pamphlet.
h. CONARC Training Memorandums.
i. General Plan Exercise STATIC LINE.
CONARC Directive, directing the exercise.
3. Objective
To provide direction and guidance for conversion of US Infantry
Battle Group to Aggressor Military Forces for the purpose of
portraying elements of the maneuver enemy in Exercise STATIC
LINE.
4. General
a. The use of a live maneuver enemy will add realism to the
exercise and will enable the maneuvering elements to develop and
test situations under actual tactical conditions.
90
b. The US Army unit(s) designated, will convert to Aggressor
Army units as indicated in paragraph 5. Aggressor order of
battle, organization equipment and uniforms will be used as
indicated.
c. Upon completion of this exercise, units will revert to their
original US Army designation and status.
d. Aggressor unit designations and ranks contained herein are
for Exercise STATIC LINE only. For all other purposes, normal
administrative procedures will apply.
e. The Aggressor unit designations will not be released to
members of this command other than those requiring the informa-
tion for planning purposes until D-2. All units will use regular
designations until that date.
/. Where Aggressor names are not provided in order of battle,
they will be selected at random and assigned to all personnel.
Foreign names are appropriate and may be adapted from the
individual's real name. Preparation of individual identity books
will be expedited to the extent that no information revealing unit
designations, etc., is entered prior to D-2.
g. Units will organize to form an Aggressor unit which is at
least one level higher than the unit being converted, i.e., battle
group to division, or division to army.
5. Conversion Procedure
a. Reorganize to portray Aggressor 17th Mechanized Rifle
Division.
b. Complete identity books for all personnel except for informa-
tion revealing identity of unit and names which appear in the
Aggressor order of battle.
c. Attach collar tabs and sleeve patches to shirts. Unit desig-
nations will not be marked on shirts until D-l. (Numbering
stamps will be used to apply markings to uniforms.)
d. Artillery simulator banks, blank firing adaptors, attachments
and pneumatics will be drawn in quantities necessary to equip
the unit similarly to the Aggressor TOE.
e. Vehicles and equipment will be marked prior to D-3. See
figures 45-51, FM 30-101. Organizational numbers and designa-
tions will not be obliterated.
/. Unit designations and assigned order of battle- names will
be issued prior to D-10.
6. Training
A training program designed to orient the unit in its role as
Aggressor, to include familiarization with the Aggressor exercise
scenario and sequence of events, will be conducted prior to D-l.
This program will include uniform and equipment checks and
other items shown in suggested training program in FM 30-101.
91
7. Simulated Units
Simulated units will be played tactically only on specific instruc-
tions of the exercise director and in coordination with the direc-
tions of chief controller.
8. Assigned Distribution
Units will not change the assigned distribution of individual
weapons. Multiple tube artillery banks, additional crew served
weapons, nonstandard firing devices and prefabricated pneumatic
equipment will be used to represent items of Aggressor equip-
ment.
9. Aggressor Uniforms, Insignia, and Identification
a. Uniforms should be drawn on the basis of two per actual
Aggressor soldier. Additional uniforms and insignia may be
drawn to equip injectees.
b. Aggressor collar and sleeve insignia will be worn by all per-
sonnel of the Aggressor Force. General officers may adopt special
headpieces, boots, and trousers according to their personal desires.
All other personnel will wear the official Aggressor uniform only.
(Remove all insignia from shirts prior to cleaning or laundering.)
c. Collar tabs and sleeve patches will be marked with appro-
priate Aggressor unit identifications.
d. Ranks as indicated in the Aggressor order of battle, will be
assumed by all personnel of the Aggressor Force. Where ranks
and/or positions are not indicated in the order of battle, unit
commanders will designate positions and Aggressor ranks to be
held (FM 30-101).
e. When distinctive Aggressor helmets are not being worn,
Aggressor personnel will wear the appropriate colored service
cap as stated in FM 30-101.
/. Insignia of branch and unit (collar tabs and sleeve patches)
will be drawn on the basis of one (1) set per uniform.
g. NCO insignia of grade will be drawn on the basis of one (1)
set per uniform. Officers will draw insignia on the basis of two
(2) sets per individual.
h. Aggressor identification books and cards will be issued on
the basis of one (1) per individual.
i. Numbering stamps for insignia will be drawn on the basis
of one (1) per company.
j. Each Aggressor regiment will draw an Aggressor flag.
k. Aggressor special identification cards will be issued at the
discretion of the Aggressor senior commander.
2 Incls
1. Unit Conversion List
2. Personnel Conversion List
92
APPENDIX XI
AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS AND SUPPLIES
(Superseded)
1 . General
The U.S. Army Aggressor Center is the supply agency for items
of Aggressor uniforms and equipment. DA Pamphlet 30-30,
Aggressor supplies, describes procedures for requesting items and
lists those available for issue. Copies of this pamphlet may be
obtained at Training Aids Subcenters.
2. Supplies
The following items are stocked at the Aggressor Center :
a. Aggressor uniforms and insignia.
b. Sleeve patches and collar tabs.
c. Prefabricated pneumatic decoy targets.
d. Multiple Tube Artillery simulator banks.
e. Aggressor decorations and campaign ribbons.
/. Training aids set.
g. Aggressor flags.
h. Vehicle markings.
i. Aggressor forms and publications.
j. Stamps, numbering, for marking Aggressor uniforms.
k. Stamps for marking Aggressor documents.
(1) Examples of stamps which may be used on documents
that do not require official security classifications :
(a) Secret for training
93
(b) Official Aggressor CONFIDENTIAL
KONFIDENCIA
RAJTI60 :
PARAFO :
DATO:
(c) Official Aggressor SECRET
SEKRETA
RAJTIGO-
PARAFO-
DATO:
(d) Official Aggressor TOP SECRET
PLEJ SEKRETA
RAJTIGO s
PARAFO-
DATO:
(e) Aggressor Armed Forces OFFICIAL
By Order of the Secretary of the Army :
G. H. DECKER,
General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
J. C. LAMBERT,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army:
CofSA (2)
COA (2)
VCofS (2)
ARADCOM (5)
CRD (2)
Seventh U S Army (10)
USASA (2)
EUSA (10)
DCSPER (5)
Corps (10)
ACSI (5)
Div (10)
DCSOPS (10)
Regt/Gp/BG (5)
DCSLOG (5)
Bn (5)
ACSRC (2)
Co/Btry (2)
CNGB (2)
USACGSC (50)
Tech Stf, DA (5)
ARADSCH (130)
CARROTC (2)
USAAMS (1000)
TIG (2)
USACMLCSCH (55)
CofP (2)
USAES (350)
CLL (2)
USASCS (15)
TPMG (5)
USACAS (200)
CMH (2)
USATSCH (10)
TJAG (2)
USAAVNS (11)
TAG (2)
USAINTS (851)
CA (2)
USA Aggressor Cen,
CINPO (2)
Ft Riley (2500)
: State AG (3) ; units — same
as active army except allowance is one
copy to each unit.
USAR : units — same as active army except allowance is one copy to each
unit. For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.
•b U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1962—631686
95
* FM 30-101
Field Manual) HEADQUARTERS,
> DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 30-101 J Washington 25, D. C, 27 April 1961
AGGRESSOR, THE MANEUVER ENEMY
Paragraphs Page
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION _ 1-7 3
2. AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS, INSIGNIA, AND
CURRENCY
Section I. Army 8-13 9
II. Air Force 14-18 21
III. Armed Forces High Command 19, 20 29
IV. Aggressor Currency _ 21,22 29
V. Decorations and Awards.. _ 23,24 32
Chapter 3. SPECIAL EQUIPMENT,, SIMULATION DEVICES,
AND EQUIPMENT MARKINGS
Section I. General _ , 25,26 36
II. Prefabricated and Field Expedient Models. 27-29 36
III. Flash, Sound, and Smoke Simulation Devices- 30-34 43
IV. Sonic Equipment -. 35-38 46
V. Markings of Equipment 39-41 50
Chapter 4. PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR USE OF
AGGRESSOR IN TRAINING EXERCISES
Section I. General 42,43 58
II. Planning. 44,45 58
III. Troop Requirements 46,47 59
IV. Preparation 48,49 60
Chapter 5. INTELLIGENCE TRAINING
Section I. General- __ 50,51 62
II. Use of Aggressor in Intelligence Training , 52-54 62
III. Intelligence Training Activity During Training Exercises 55, 56 64
IV. Background Material _ _ 57-59 65
• V. Means of Simulating Intelligence Play. 60-66 67
Chapter 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE AND UNCONVEN-
TIONAL WARFARE
Section I. General- -_ _ _ 67,68 71
• II. Psychological Warfare.- - 69-74 71
III. Unconventional Warfare.- _ _ 75-77 73
Chapter 7. ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING OF AN AG-
GRESSOR FORCE
Section I. General _ 78-81 76
II. Organization _ 82,83 77
j III. Training 84-88 77
*^ * This manual supersedes FM 30-101, 4 May 1959, including C 1, 23 September
1959.
1
Paragraphs Page
Chapter 8. THE UNITED STATES ARMY AGGRESSOR CENTER, 89-95 80
Appendix I. REFERENCES 83
II. AGGRESSOR CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND MILI-
TARY SYMBOLS 84
III. AGGRESSOR DOCUMENTS. _ _ 95
IV. FORMS F'OR PREPARED POW ACTIVITY. __ 142
V. SAMPLE MESSAGES 147
VI. TRAINING PROGRAM FOR AGGRESSOR PER-
SONNEL 150
VII. SIMULATION DEVICES, ATTACHMENTS AND
AMMUNITION 155
VIII. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.. 157
IX. EXAMPLE OF PLAN FOR CONVERSION OF AG-
GRESSOR FORCES __ __ 178
X. AGGRESSOR EXERCISE SCENARIO EXAMPLE 183
XI. AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS AND SUPPLY 180
2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose and Scope
a. This manual is a guide for the employment of Aggressor, The Man-
euver Enemy, in training exercises. It is applicable in maneuvers and
command post exercises, regardless of the size or type of participating
units, or whether Aggressor forces are physically represented or simulated.
It covers personnel, uniforms, equipment, devices, methods and proce-
dures that may be used in portraying Aggressor military forces. The
country, peoples, and forces used, are fictitious and are devised as training
aids for United States military forces. Any resemblance to existing
countries or known military forces or individuals is purely coincidental.
b. Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes
or comments to improve the manual. Comments should be keyed to the
specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which change is recom-
mended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure under-
standing and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct
to Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Aggressor Center, Fort Riley, Kansas.
2. Definitions and Terminology
a. Aggressor. The Maneuver Enemy, designated "Aggressor", is a
training aid consisting of an imaginary enemy nation with a fictitious
history, government, and armed forces.
b. Aggressor Nation. An imaginary nation with an assumed history,
government, military organization, language, and political philosophy,
whose armed forces are fictitiously located in known geographical areas
for strategical, tactical, and logistical maneuver play.
c. Aggressor Forces. Aggressor forces in the field are represented by
units of the United States armed forces designated by competent authority
to act as a maneuver enemy. Additional simulated Aggressor forces may
be included in tactical exercises when necessary to the proper conduct of
the exercise. Aggressor Armed Forces are described in FM 30-102.
d. United States Forces. United States forces and troops who oppose
the Aggressor force during tactical exercises.
e. Aggressor Center. A permanent agency of U.S. Continental Army
Command which provides advice, assistance, and Aggressor supply items
required to support an Aggressor force in tactical exercises and other train-
3
ing. It assists other USCONARC agencies in the development of doctrine,
tactics and techniques to be employed by Aggressor, and in development
of techniques to be employed in maneuver control.
3. Missions of Aggressor
a. Aggressor, The Maneuver Enemy, is designed to accomplish three
primary missions as the opposing force during the tactical training of
United States troops. They are as follows :
(1) Provide opportunity for maneuver against a realistic enemy.
(2) Emphasize all phases of intelligence training.
(3) Instill in United States forces the realization that future enemy
forces will differ in uniforms, weapons, equipment, tactical doc-
trine, language, customs, society and basic philosophy from
those to which they are accustomed.
b. In all types of exercises, detailed planning is required to insure that
the role of the Aggressor is developed and completely integrated into all
phases. The enemy situation can be portrayed more vividly by information
made available by acts of the Aggressor force. An intensified intelligence
play of all available sources and agencies adds increased realism when
properly directed and utilized by the United States Commander and his
staff. (FM 105-5) Procedures are modified as the scale and type of exercise
and facilities dictate. The attainment of the desired objectives may be
accomplished by conducting enhanced intelligence play in all or some of
the following:
(1) Ground activities.
(2) Prepared prisoners of war, linecrossers, and other injectees.
(3) Documents.
(4) Propaganda.
(5) Electronic intercept, jamming and other communications.
(6) Simulated casualties.
(7) Battlefield surveillance.
c. In the accomplishment of these primary missions care must be
exercised to insure that Aggressor is not utilized in any manner which
would subvert or overshadow the primary purposes or objectives of the
training exercise. Unconventional warfare actions, special warfare, and
use of agents must be utilized carefully to result in maximum benefit.
4. Realism
a. Aggressor, the maneuver enemy, complete with a fictitious national
background, history, government, military establishment, language,
society and political philosophy (FM 30-103) has been adopted, and
developed as an effective means of injecting realism into all types of
tactical exercises. The placement of elements of the Aggressor Armed
Forces into known geographical boundaries facilitates strategic and
4
logistical play. The ability to change these boundaries to agree with
desired situations, provides a flexibility that aids any type of training
situation. The Aggressor Armed Forces have a complete order of battle,
distinctive uniforms and insignia, and a sound but decidely different and
changing tactical doctrine. The major tactical and command post exercises
in which Aggressor is used, are the basis for further expansion of the
Aggressor order of battle and history. The Aggressor soldier presents a
complex and varied personality, according to troops who have faced him
in combat. He has been characterized as a tough opponent, highly dis-
ciplined and superbly trained ; and conversely as a slovenly, uneducated,
semi-barbaric peasant. In battle the individual soldier can be a tough,
callous opponent, inured to hardship, and completely embued with the
idea that he is fighting for a righteous cause. He is adept at camouflage,
night fighting, improvisation in the field, and can "live off the land" if
necessary. (A complete analysis of the individual Aggressor soldier is
contained in FM 30-102.) The proper utilization of this Aggressor soldier
will provide a realistic maneuver enemy who is a formidable opponent for
the United States soldier.
b. In field exercises, the United States Army units representing Aggres-
sor will wear the standard Aggressor uniform (Chapter 2). They may be
equipped with prefabricated or improvised models of many items of
standard military equipment as well as sound, flash, and smoke simulation
devices for artillery representation, and sonic equipment for reproducing
sounds of battle. The types, availability, and methods of employment of
special Aggressor equipment and simulation devices are discussed in
Chapter 3.
5. Intelligence Training
The employment of Aggressor, the maneuver enemy, in tactical and
command post exercises permits extensive play of many aspects of
combat intelligence and counterintelligence. Considerable training can be
given to staffs and to selected individuals. United States military forces
may be trained in the exploitation of numerous types of sources and
agencies. The collection, processing, evaluation, dissemination and use of
intelligence information is stressed. Correct security procedures are
practiced and training methods which serve to enhance operational
effectiveness, are taught. The use of Aggressor situations in training
programs conducted for intelligence specialists improves results. Order of
battle intelligence, forms, documents, and numerous devices and items of
special equipment may be used to add to the value of this training. The
use of the extensive training situations which are available, may well
serve to avert future disaster in actual combat.
6. Specialized Aggressor Activities
a. General. Aggressor may be expected to employ psychological,
chemical, biological, nuclear, and unconventional warfare against its
5
enemies in all appropriate situations. These activities provide means for
introduction of different types of new and technical equipment and
unconventional procedures into exercises. Aggressor should always be
given capabilities equal to those of United States Forces or commensurate
with the problem.
b. Psy etiological Warfare. Aggressor psychological warfare activities
should be carefully planned and the themes, methods, and media approved
by the officer responsible for the conduct of the exercise. During tactical
operations, various media are employed to disseminate tactical propa-
ganda. These include leaflets dropped from aircraft, posters, and leaflets
placed at selected points along routes of communication, planted on pris-
oners or civilians within the combat area, and those which may be placed
at specific locations by patrol elements. Leaflets may be obtained from
US Army Aggressor Center, reference DA Pamphlet 30-30, "Aggressor
Supplies". Loudspeaker broadcasts provide another useful means of dis-
seminating tactical propaganda. These broadcasts should always be super-
vised or monitored by personnel trained in special warfare to insure
maximum benefit from their use. The primary objective of Aggressor
tactical propaganda is to achieve a greater degree of realism in tactical
exercises, to familiarize the United States soldier with special warfare
techniques and to strengthen his capacity to resist this type of attack in
a future war.
c. Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Warfare. Aggressor may be ex-
pected to employ chemical, biological and nuclear warfare extensively
since its government is not a signatory to the articles of the Geneva
Convention. New types of radiological detection devices, simulated radio-
active contamination devices and chemical agent detection protection
equipment tend to aid in exercise play when introduced. The exercise
players should have the use of personnel who are qualified in these fields.
d. Unconventional Warfare. Aggressor makes extensive use of organ-
ized partisan bands, Circle Trigon Party influenced subversive groups,
raid intelligence groups, covert intelligence groups, and combat intelligence
agents operating behind enemy lines. These warfare operations were
highly successful in Aggressor's struggle to become a nation and will
continue to be developed and used in future campaigns. Aggressor military
and para-military troops are well trained in partisan techniques, and are
constantly developing new approaches under all probable conditions.
Automatic small arms and light mortars, recoilless rifles and rocket launch-
ers are normally used by Aggressor partisans. Small bands of skilled tech-
nicians have been trained in the use of more intricate weapons, such as
portable versions of atomic demolitions. Some key partisan personnel are
trained in the use and functioning of all types of weapons and equipment
used by their own and opposing military forces. This enables them to
quickly make effective use of captured enemy equipment and to engage in
sabotage operations which will have disastrous effects upon the opposing
forces ability to maintain his fighting strength. Aggressor may leave be-
6
hind large hidden stocks of weapons and munitions to be used by partisan
forces, or may supply the partisan forces by airdrop or submarine, or by
infiltration of military equipment under the guise of nonmilitary supplies.
It is not unusual for battalions and regiments to infiltrate the lines of
opposing forces and operate as partisans, utilizing the hidden or airdrop
method of supply. The primary mission of Aggressor partisan activities
is to divert as many of the enemy forces as possible from their combat
mission, lower morale of enemy forces, disrupt the enemy's supply and
communication networks and encourage and assist revolt by sympathizers.
The objectives of inserting unconventional Aggressor warfare operations
into training exercises are to:
(1) Familiarize the United States soldiers with partisan and other
types of unconventional warfare operations which may be
directed against them in combat.
(2) Emphasize the necessity for providing adequate security measures
against such operations.
(3) Provide training in combat operations against unconventional
forces.
(4) Familiarize commanders and staffs with the capabilities and
limitations of these units.
(5) To indicate that this form of warfare incorporates the use of a
vast potential of otherwise unused manpower and equipment
which when properly organized, controlled and directed, can
exercise extensive influence upon the outcome of military opera-
tions. Unconventional warfare situations should be injected into
all exercises in accordance with a prepared scenario. Personnel
should be used who have been thoroughly trained in prepared
situations. See paragraph 10, FM 30-103 for additional data on
unconventional warfare.
7. Employment of Aggressor in Tactical Exercises
a. The operation of the Aggressor force in an exercise is in accordance
with the limitations established by the Exercise Controller. The Controller
coordinates the Aggressor forces and the Umpire Group with the general
plan of the exercise (FM 105-5). In free exercises it is necessary that
Aggressor forces have assigned umpires to insure realistic play. In con-
trolled exercises, normally umpire liaison teams, fire marker teams, and
limited additional umpire personnel are provided for Aggressor forces. At
all times in free or controlled exercises, the Aggressor forces are required
to react in such a manner as to provide for the accomplishment of the
training objectives of the exercise. Overall limitations on actions of
Aggressor forces are normally based on the missions assigned, operations
of the opposing United States forces, and any restrictions imposed by the
area, time, and forces available. The effectiveness of Aggressor in helping
to attain the desired objectives of an exercise is primarily dependent upon
7
detailed planning and preparations. The resulting enthusiasm obtained
through the conversion of a United States unit to Aggressor tends to open
new or dormant peaks of initiative in exercise personnel. Additional
initiative can be generated by personnel acting as Aggressor, persistently
pursuing each detail of the play as if it were the real thing. Through
aggressive actions on the part of the leaders of the Aggressor forces, this
maneuver enemy can be real enough to challenge the complete capability
of the manuevering elements. Aggressor, the Maneuver Enemy, is a versa-
tile training aid whose activities can be carefully calculated or designed to
portray, through channels available in combat, the capabilities and
deployment of a realistic "enemy".
b. When United States forces are selected to play Aggressor in an exer-
cise, it does not mean that they will receive less training benefits. These
forces will usually receive more training than other like units. Since they
normally consist of a small portion of the exercise forces, they will find
themselves representing larger Aggressor units and operating continuously,
and thereby, will be exposed to more activity during the exercise. If a 1:1
ratio is not used for Aggressor when converting United States forces to
Aggressor forces, it is preferable to convert to a larger unit, i.e., company
to battalion or battle group to division. This enables a United States
troop commander to convert his organization to completely different types
of organizations readily, while retaining the same elements of control as
in his own unit structure.
c. These general guides are applicable in the employment of Aggressor
as the maneuver enemy in all tactical exercises.
(1) The U.S. Army Aggressor Center will provide Aggressor supplies
and equipment, through Training Aids Subcenters, for support
of all field training, command post exercises, and map exercises.
(2) When approved by USCONARC, the Aggressor Center will
provide a representative to attend the initial planning conference
and recommend the size and composition of an Aggressor Center
Advisory Support Field Team for the exercise and where and
when the Aggressor Center support should be available to the
maneuver director.
(3) After the initial planning conference (2), the Aggressor Center
will prepare the background portion of the Aggressor scenario,
detailed order of battle data, and the plan for conversion of
United States units to Aggressor units and forward this material
to the exercise director.
(4) Stocks of authorized Aggressor uniforms with appropriate
accessories, supplies, and simulation equipment are maintained
by US Army Aggressor Center which are available through Army
training aids subcenters.
(5) Sonics equipment is maintained at the Aggressor Center and is
provided only in conjunction with attachment of Aggressor
Center Sonic Support Teams to the exercise when requested by
the exercise director.
8
CHAPTER 2
AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS, INSIGNIA, AND CURRENCY
Section I. ARMY
8. Basic Army Uniform
a. The basic uniform of the Aggressor Army is a combat uniform. The
same uniform is worn by both officer and enlisted personnel. Insignia of
rank or grade, collar tabs, sleeve patches, and shoulder straps designate
the rank, branch, and unit of the individual (figs. 1-17). Because of high
esprit and strong organizational pride, Aggressor troops habitually wear
their distinctive insignia into combat.
b. The army uniform is jungle green in color which is in keeping with
the national colors and the traditional emblem of the Circle Trigon Party.
The cut of the shirt, trousers, and oversea cap resembles that of similar
items of the United States Army uniform. Footwear also follows United
States Army design. Aggressor army female personnel (including nurses)
wear the conventional jungle green uniforms of the same general pattern
as those worn by female personnel of the United States Army.
c. The summer uniform is made of 8.2 ounce-weight cotton twill, shade
Aggressor jungle green.
d. The winter uniform is made of 16 ounce-weight wool, shade Aggressor
jungle green. Outer clothing such as coats, field jackets and parkas are
designed similar to like items of the United States Army. In arctic areas
and under conditions of snow and ice operations, overwhites are normally
worn by all. Distinctive armbands and headbands bearing the Aggressor
Circle Trigon, are worn by Aggressor personnel when using overwhites.
e. The Aggressor helmet, although similar to the United States Army
helmet, has a distinctive ridge running front to rear over the crest of the
helmet. This ridge is about inches long, 1J^ inches wide, and tapers
in height from 1 inches in front to inch in back (fig. 1).
/. A Department of the Army Quartermaster Corps Modification Work
Order (Q M 34, 3 April 53) authorizes conversion of liner, helmet, to make
Aggressor forces combat headgear.
9. Special Army Uniforms
a. Fusilier Units.
(1) All fusilier troops wear the basic Army uniform with distinctive
markings. The term "fusilier", a designation of elite troops, is
9
Figure 1. Aggressor helmet.
applied as a reward to any type division (except airborne) which
distinguishes itself in battle and has been awarded the High
Command Unit Star. "Fusilier" is combined with words indicat-
ing both size and type of units, for example: Fusilier Tank
Regiment, Fusilier Mechanized Rifle Regiment, Fusilier
Mechanized Rifle Division, etc.
(2) The distinctive marking for all Fusilier troops is a red cap readily
distinguishable at some distance. Unit esprit is so high that the
red cap is often worn into combat in place of the helmet. Fusilier
officers (fig. 2) also wear r,ed shoulder straps.
b. Airborne Units. Airborne units are also considered elite. Hence, the
uniform of Airborne troops is the same as that of Fusilier units, except
that officers of Airborne units do not wear red shoulder straps (fig. 4).
10
Figure $. Lieutenant, 652 fusilier recon- Figure 3. Captain, 18 airborne parachute
naissance regiment, 11 fusilier tank army. regiment, 9 airborne division.
c. Tank and Reconnaissance Units. Personnel assigned to tank and
reconnaissance units normally wear a black cap with the basic Army
uniform (figs. 4 and 5). Personnel assigned to fusilier tank and reconnais-
sance units, however, wear the red cap (fig. 3).
d. Special Purpose Uniforms. Units having a particularly high esprit
de corps may adopt locally available materials to adorn' the uniform, for
example: Berets, sateen stripes on the trousers, sateen tabs and shoulder
boards. Aggressor General Officers and Flag Officers are authorized and
encouraged to design distinctive uniforms from locally available materials
such as braid, sateen shoulder straps, sateen tabs, sateen stripes on
trousers, riding boots and trousers, swords and daggers, etc. All general
officers and marshals wear white shoulder straps (figs. 6 and 7).
e. Shoulder Straps. Army shoulder straps are of three (3) colors, green,
red, and white and are worn as follows:
Red — Worn by all fusilier officers, except Airborne.
White — Worn by all Marshals and General Officers.
Green — Worn by all other personnel.
11
Figure b. Lieutenant, 7 Artillery Regiment, Figure 5. Section sergeant, ISO heavy tank
8 Tank Division. regiment, 32 tank division.
1 0. Off Duty Uniforms
The off duty uniform for officers and enlisted personnel consists of the
combat uniform, with cap, a black colored tie, black belt, and low-cut shoes
of conventional United States design.
1 1 . Officers' Insignia of Rank
a. General. Aggressor Army officers of. company grade are designated
by means of gold bars, field grade by gold leaves, and general officers by a
combination of gold leaves and cross cannons (fig. 8). These insignia are
worn on both shoulder straps and on the service cap.
b. Comparative Army Rank.
Aggressor Army United States Army
Marshal General of the Army
General of Army General
General of Corps Lieutenant General
General of Division Major General
General of Brigade Brigadier General
Colonel Colonel
Commandant Lieutenant Colonel
Major Major
Captain Captain
Lieutenant First Lieutenant
Sub-Lieutenant Second Lieutenant
Warrant Officer Warrant Officer
12
Figure 6. General of brigade, aggressor
ground forces, wearing individually designed
uniform, prepared from locally available
material.
Figure 7. General of division, 8 fusilier
mechanized rifle division, wearing individ-
ually designed uniform, prepared from
locally available material.
12. Enlisted Insignia of Grade
a. General. Aggressor Army enlisted grades are designated by a com-
bination of chevrons and pips worn on the sleeve of each arm. The Chev-
rons are similar to the United States Army chevrons, but are worn point
down with the point four inches from the lower extremity of shirt cuff.
Sergeants Major wear a gold leaf instead of pips (fig. 9).
b. Comparative Army Enlisted Grade.
Aggressor Army
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Senior Sergeant
Platoon Sergeant
Section Sergeant
Corporal
Senior Private
Private
United States equivalent
E-9
E-8
E-7
E-6
E-5
E-4
E-3
E-2, E-l
13
MAJOR
COMMANDANT
C FUSILIER )
COLONEL
GENERAL OF
BRIGADE
GENERAL OF
DIVISION
GENERAL OF
CORPS
GENERAL OF
ARMY
MARSHAL
Figure 8. Army officer ranks.
14
PRIVATE
SENIOR PRIVATE
CORPORAL
1 3. Unit and Branch Insignia
a. Company, Battalion and Regimental Insignia. The branch for both
Army officers and enlisted personnel is shown by colored cloth tabs worn
on both sides of the collar. Black Arabic numerals superimposed on the
collar tabs indicate the numerical designations of organic regiments,
battalions, or the separate regiment, battalion, or company. The identify-
ing colors for the various branches of the Army are as follows :
Mecz Rifle (includes mountain and ski units) _ Red
Airborne Blue
Tank (includes reconnaissance units) -- - - Yellow
Artillery (includes missile units). _ _ White
Engineer _ _ Green
Signal _ _ _ Tan
Chemical _ Purple
Other Services _ Orange
b. Brigade Insignia. Brigade personnel will wear the sleeve patch of
the major unit (Division, Army, Army Group) to which assigned or
attached. The branch colors, as outlined in a above will be followed on
the collar tabs. Personnel of Brigade Headquarters will have the numerical
Figure 10. Lieutenant, ZZ& Missile Brigade <
107 light missile artillery division.
16
designation of the brigade superimposed in black Arabic numerals,
followed by the letter "B" on the colored collar tab (117B-117th Brigade);
personnel of the brigade units will have the numerical designation of the
parent unit superimposed in black Arabic numerals on the colored collar
tab (fig. 10).
c. Division. The identifying insignia for a division is a rectangular
shaped colored cloth patch worn on the upper right sleeve. The colors of
division patches are as follows: (figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14)
Mecz Rifle (includes mountain units) _ Red
Artillery (includes missile units) _ White
Tank __ Yellow
Airborne Blue
d. Corps Insignia. Airborne Corps will wear rectangular-shaped blue
cloth patches on the upper right sleeve. Mountain Corps, when organized,
will wear rectangular shaped red cloth patches on the upper right sleeve.
Black Arabic numerals followed by the letter "K", superimposed on the
colored cloth patch will indicate the unit numerical designation (fig. 15).
e. Army. The identifying insignia of Armies is a rectangular shaped
colored cloth patch bordered in black and worn on the upper right sleeve
Figure 11. Major, 317 Engineer Battalion, Figure 12. Platoon Sergeant, 38 Airborne
17 Mechanized Rifle Division. Rifle Division.
17
Figure IS. Senior Sergeant, 58 Mechanized Figure 14- Sub-Lieutenant, 88 Artillery
Rifle Regiment, 48 Mechanized Rifle Regiment, 8% Tank Division.
Division.
For a tank Army, the color of the patch is yellow. For a combined arms
Army, the color is red. Black Arabic numerals superimposed on the
patches indicate the Army to which the individual is assigned (fig. 3).
/. Regional Command and Army Group. The identifying insignia of
regional commands and army groups is a rectangular shaped white cloth
patch bordered in black and worn on the upper right sleeve. The abbrevi-
ated name of the regional command and army group will be spelled out or
abbreviated (pars. 4-1 la, FM 30-103) in Esperanto on the patch in black
letters. These insignia are worn by Aggressor Army personnel who are
assigned to an Army Group Headquarters or Regional Command Head-
quarters, as well as separate units detached from regional commands,
army groups, or armies for an exercise or campaign (fig. 16).
g. Army High Command Insignia. Aggressor personnel assigned to the
staff of Army High Command wear a triangular shaped red cloth patch on
the upper right sleeve (fig. 17).
h. Artillery Missile Unit. Personnel assigned to artillery missile units,
in addition to the required sleeve and collar patches, wear a triangular
shaped white cloth patch with a green missile superimposed thereon, on
the left breast pocket (figs. 10 and 18).
18
Figure 15. Section Sergeant, Political Staff,
Headquarters, 7 Airborne Corps.
20
Figure 18. Missile artillery unit personnel patch, worn on the left breast pocket.
Section II. AIR FORCE
1 4. Basic Air Force Uniforms
(figs. 21-24)
Personnel of the Aggressor Air Force wear the basic Army uniform with
a blue cap, blue shoulder straps, and low-cut shoes except that personnel
of Air Force security and support units wear the Aggressor helmet and
combat boots. All Aggressor Air Force personnel wear wings above the
right breast pocket. Officers wear blue straps and the enlisted personnel
wear none. Flying togs and footgear are of conventional United States Air
Force design. Air Force female personnel (including nurses) wear the
conventional jungle green uniform of the same general pattern as female
personnel of the United States Air Force.
1 5. Off Duty Uniform
The off duty uniform of Aggressor Air Force officers and enlisted
personnel is the same as the combat uniform described in paragraph 14,
except that a black tie and low-cut shoes are worn by all personnel.
1 6. Specialist Insignia
In addition to the basic Air Force wings worn above the right breast
pocket (fig. 19), Aggressor Air Foree rated specialists wear specialist wings
21
Figure 19. Wings Worn by Air Force Personnel.
above the left breast pocket. The Aggressor green trigon is centered on
the specialist wings, and the letter of abbreviation of the specialty appears
on the green trigon in white (figs. 20, 21, and 22). Identified categories of
Air Force specialties, their Aggressor abbreviations, and their English
equivalents are as follows:
Aggressor Air Force specialty
Aviada Ingeniere.
Bombaristo
Elektro-aparatoj
Fotografajo (Aviado)
Intelligenteco kaj Secureco
Kanonisto
Navigisto
Piloto
Servadoj
Transkomumikiloj
Aggressor English
Abbreviation Equivalent
A Flight Engineer
B Bombardier
E Electronics
F Photography (Aerial)
I Intelligence & Security
K Gunner
N Navigator
P Pilot
S Services
T Communications
17. Air Force Insignia of Rank and Grade
(figs. 23 and 24)
a. Officer's Insignia of Rank. Aggressor Air Force field and company
grade officers and warrant officers are designated in the same manner as
corresponding Aggressor Army grades. Aggressor Air Force General
Officers are designated by a combination of gold leaves and wings crossed
by a propeller on white shoulder straps. This insignia is also worn on both
22
Figure 20. Navigator, 5 Bomber Division.
Figure 21. Commandant (PILOT), 40 Figure 22. Major, 36 Reconnaissance
Fighter Regiment, 18 Fighter Division. Regiment, 6 Air Army.
the shoulder straps and on the cap (figs. 21 and 22). Comparative ranks
are as follows:
Aggressor Air Force
Air Marshal
General of Air
General of Air Army
General of Air Corps
General of Air Division
Colonel
Commandant
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
Sub- Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
United States Air Force
General of the Air Force
General
Lieutenant General
Major General
Brigadier General
Colonel
Lieutenant Colonel
Major
Captain
First Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Warrant Officer
b. Enlisted Insignia of Grade. Air Force enlisted grades are denoted
24
WARRANT SUB-LIEUTENANT LIEUTENANT CAPTAIN
Figure 28. Air Force Oijier Rank.
25
AIRMAN
SENIOR AIRMAN CORPORAL
26
STAFF SERGEANT SERGEANT MAJOR
Figure 24- Air Force enlisted Grade.
Figure 25. Section Sergeant, 15 Attack
Corps.
in the same manner as those of the Army. Comparative grades are as
follows :
Aggressor Air Force United States Air Force
Sergeant Major E-9
Staff Sergeant E-8
Senior Sergeant E-7
Platoon Sergeant E-6
Section Sergeant E-5
Corporal E-4
Senior Airman E-3
Airman E-2, E-l
1 8. Air Force Unit and Branch Insignia
a. Squadron and Regimental Insignia. The branch for both Air Force
officers and enlisted personnel is shown by colored cloth tabs worn on both
sides of the collar. Black Arabic numerals superimposed on the cloth
collar tabs indicate the numerical designation of regiments and squadrons.
The colors for the various branches of the Air Force are as follows:
Fighter Red
Bomber White
Ground Attack Blue
Reconnaissance Yellow
Other Services _ _ Orange
27
b. Air Division and Air Corps Insignia. The air division or air corps
insignia (figs. 20 and 25) is a rectangular-shaped cloth patch with black
numerals superimposed and is worn on the upper right sleeve. In air
divisions, the unit is designated by the use of Arabic numerals on the cloth
patch, while in the air corps Arabic numerals followed by the letter "K",
are used. The colors of the air division and air corps sleeve patch are as
follows :
Fighter Red
Bomber White
Attack Blue
c. Air Army Insignia. Headquarters personnel and troops of an Air
Army as well as personnel of separate air units detached from Air High
Command to an Air Army for occupational duties or for a major campaign,
wear a rectangular shaped white cloth patch bordered in black on the
upper right sleeve. The numerical designation of an Air Army is by means
of black Arabic numerals superimposed on the white patch (fig. 21).
d. Air High Command Insignia. Aggressor personnel assigned to the
staff of the Air Force High Command wear a triangular shaped blue cloth
patch on the upper right sleeve.
28
Figure 26. Colonel, Political Staff,
Hejmkomando (Home Command).
Section III. ARMED FORCES HIGH COMMAND
19. Uniform
(fig. 26)
Aggressor personnel assigned to duty with the Armed Forces High Com-
mand wear the appropriate uniform — Army, Navy, or Air Forces — of their
basic component. Such personnel rarely leave the Aggressor Nation except
as members of diplomatic or military missions and then with full diplo-
matic immunity and are authorized to vary the basic Aggressor uniform,
provided the prescribed insignia are worn.
20. Insignia
The Armed Forces High Command insignia is a triangular shaped white
cloth patch. It is worn on the upper right sleeve by personnel assigned to
duty with the Armed Forces High Command.
Section IV. AGGRESSOR CURRENCY
21. Aggressor Currency
Aggressor currency is based on a gold standard and uses the decimal
system. Following is a table of Aggressor Currency, including United
States equivalent:
1 cento equals 0.005 dollar (J^ cent).
100 centoj equals 1 fralmato (50 cents).
1 fralmatoj equals one-half dollar (50 cents).
100 fralmatoj equals 50 dollars.
Denominations appear in coin as one, five, ten, twenty, and fifty cento
pieces, and one, two, and five fralmato pieces. Ten, twenty, fifty, one
hundred, five hundred, and one thousand fralmato paper notes are fairly
common. Larger denominations are rarely seen. In Aggressor occupied
areas of North America, Aggressor has taken control of currency and
banking and has designated the local currency as a medium of exchange
for both the local inhabitants and the occupation forces. In these areas,
as of January 1960, Aggressor monetary policies and rigid control of
inflationary tendencies, has resulted in one fralmato being worth seventy
cents in the United States Currency instead of the normal fifty cents.
22. Aggressor Pay Scale
Shown below are the base pay scales of the Aggressor Army. Equivalent
ranks in the Aggressor Air Force and Navy receive the same base pay as
army personnel.
Air Force personnel on flying status and qualified airborne troops receive
an additional 35 percent. Fusilier personnel draw an additional 10 per-
cent. A longevity system is not in effect, but Armed Forces personnel
receive a bonus of one month's pay upon completion of each year's service.
29
Rank
Pay grade
Tilk co nil v
fralmatoj
per month
Bonus
completion
10 yrs
service
Average
monthly
bonus
TV* V9 hip
^fCX J UU1C
upon
completion
of each
yrs'
B*is6 p&y
1st yr
service
Base pay
over 1 yr
service
Marshal
0-11
2,000
2,000
166.66
24,000
26,000
Gen of Army.
O-10
1,500
1,500
126.10
18,000
19,500
Gen of Corps
0-9
1,200
1,200
100.00
14,400
15,600
Gen of Div.
0-8
900
900
75.00
10,800
11,700
Gen of Brig...
0-7
750
750
62.50
9,000
9,750
Colonel
0-6
600
600
50.00
7,200
7,800
Commandant
0-5
525
525
43.75
6,300
6,825
Major
0-4
475
475
39.16
4,920
5,330
Captain
\J o
410
34.25
4,500
4,875
Lt
0-2
375
375
31.25
4,500
4,875
Sub-Lt
0-1
360
360
30.00
4,320
4,680
WO ___
0-W
350
350
29.16
4,200
4,550
Sgt Major
E-9
300
300
25.00
3,600
3,900
Staff Sgt
E-8
255
255
21.25
3,060
3,315
Senior Sgt
E-7
215
215
17.08
2,580
2,795
Plat Sgt
E-6
180
180
15.00
2,160
2,340
Sec Sgt
E-5
150
150
12.50
1,800
1,950
Corporal
E-4
125
125
10.41
1,500
1,625
Senior Pvt
E-3
105
105
8.87
1,260
1,365
Pvt
E-2, E-l
90
90
7.50
1,080
1,170
30
Aggressor Pay Scale — Dollar Conversion
Rank
Pay
grade
Monthly pay
Yearly pay
Pralmatoj
Dollars*
Pralmatoj
Dollars*
Marshal
0-11
2,000
1,000
24,000
12,000
(tpn of A rmv
0-1
1,500
750
18 000
9,000
Gen of Corps
0-9
1,200
600
14,400
7,200
Gen of Division
0-8
900
450
10,800
5,400
(if»n of RncaHp
0-7
750
375
9,000
4,500
Oolonel
0-6
600
300
7,200
3,600
Commandant
0-5
525
262.50
6,300
3,150
Major.
0-4
475
237.50
5,700
2,850
Captain
0-3
410
205
4,920
2,460
Li eii t en ant
0-2
375
187.50
4,500
2,250
Si i h-T ji pi i t.pn An f
0-1
360
180
4,320
2, 160
Wnppnnt llflri/'or
O-W
350
175
4,200
2,100
npptrpn n Mnmp
Hi a
300
150
3,600
1,800
Staff fiat
T? 8
JL o
255
127.50
3,060
1,530
Senior Sgt _
E-7
215
107.50
2,580
1,290
Platoon Sgt
E-6
180
90.00
2,160
1,080
Sec Sgt-
E-5
150
75.00
1,800
900
Corporal
E-4
125
62.50
1,500
750
Senior Pvt.. . _
E-3
105
52.50
1,260
630
Pvt.
E-2, E-l
90
45.00
1,080
540
* Occupied North America excepted.
Armed Forces personnel and their families are provided free quarters
and allowed a 25 percent discount in government operated stores in lieu
of a quarters and subsistence allowance.
Retirement pay is made in a lump sum as follows:
20 years service — 8 years base pay of highest grade held.
25 years service — 9 years base pay of highest grade held.
30 years service — 10 years base pay of highest grade held.
35 years service — 1 1 years base pay of highest grade held.
40 years service — 12 years base pay of highest grade held.
31
Section V. DECORATIONS AND AWARDS
23. Decorations for Heroism and for Meritorious Service
SUPREME ORDER OF HONOR. Require-
ments: Similar to those for the US Congressional
Medal of Honor.
LEGION OF HONOR AND VALOR. Require-
ments: Similar to those for the US Distinguished
Service Cross.
NAVY LEGION OF VALOR. Requirements:
Similar to those for the US Navy Cross.
LEGION OF DISTINGUISHED SERVICE.
Requirements: Similar to those for the US Dis-
tinguished Service Medal.
ORDER OF MERIT. Requirements : Simi-
lar to those of the US Legion of Merit.
1
STAR OF HONOR AND VALOR. Require-
ments: Similar to those for US Silver Star.
AIR STAR OF VALOR. Requirements: Simi-
lar to those for US Distinguished Flying Cross.
A silver palm denotes an additional award.
32
AIR STAR OF MERIT. Requirements: Simi-
lar to those for US Air Medal.
STAR OF MERIT. Requirements: Similar to
those for US Bronze Star.
HIGH COMMAND UNIT STAR. Awarded
by the Armed Forces High Command. Require-
ments: Similar to those for US Army Distin-
guished Unit Badge.
WOUND RIBBON.
24. Campaign Ribbons
Aggressor campaign ribbons are as follows :
STAR OF EUROPE. Awarded to those who
participated in or supported the formation of the
Aggressor Nation.
STAR OF CALIFORNIA. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the California Campaign.
STAR OF FLORIDA. Awarded to participants
in the Florida Campaign.
CARIBBEAN MEDAL. Requirements: One
full year of occupation service.
STAR OF ST . LAWRENCE . Awarded to par-
ticipants in the St. Lawrence Campaign.
STAR OF TENNESSEE. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the Tennessee Campaign.
STAR OF CAROLINA. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Carolina Campaigns.
STAR OF HAWAII. Awarded to participants
in the Hawaiian Campaign.
STAR OF ALASKA. Awarded to participants
in the Alaskan Campaign.
YELLOW
BROWN
GREEN
YELLOW
PURPLE
WHITE
ORANGE | WHITE
BLACK
GREEN
PINK
BLUE
GREEN
RED
BROWN
PINK
WHITE
BLACK
ORANGE
BLUE
YELLOW
RED
BLUE J YELLOW
GREEN
PURPLE
BLACK
YELLOW
GREY
BLUE
BLUE
RED
STAR OF WASHINGTON. Awarded to
participants in the Washington campaign.
STAR OF TEXAS. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Texas Campaign.
STAR OF LOUISIANA. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the Louisiana Campaign.
STAR OF GEORGIA. Awarded to Par-
ticipants in the Georgia Campaign.
STAR OF NEW YORK. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the New York Campaign.
STAR OF KENTUCKY. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the Kentucky Campaign.
STAR OF CANADA. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Canadian Campaign.
STAR OF OREGON. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Oregon Campaign.
STAR OF IDAHO. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Idaho Campaign.
STAR OF NEVADA. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Nevada Campaign.
STAR OF MONTANA. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the Montana Campaign.
STAR OF UTAH. Awarded to participants
in the Utah Campaign.
STAR OF ARIZONA. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Arizona campaign.
STAR OF NEW MEXICO. Awarded to
participants in the New Mexico Campaign.
STAR OF COLORADO. Awarded to par-
ticipants in the Colorado Campaign.
STAR OF KANSAS. Awarded to partici-
pants in the Kansas Campaign.
35
CHAPTER 3
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, SIMULATION DEVICES, AND EQUIPMENT
MARKINGS
Section I. GENERAL
25. Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to describe some types of special equip-
ment and simulation devices and their employment in field exercises to aid
in the realistic representation of elements of the Aggressor Army.
26. General
a. The special equipment and simulation devices described herein are
divided into three general categories as follows:
(1) Prefabricated and field expedient full scale models of military
weapons and equipment (figs. 27-29, 30-38).
(2) Flash, sound, and smoke simulation devices (figs. 40-42).
(3) Sonic equipment for reproducing battlefield sounds (figs. 42-44).
b. The prefabricated pneumatic models, artillery simulator banks, and
sonic equipment are maintained at the Aggressor Center, Fort Riley,
Kansas, for the primary purpose of assisting in the representation of the
Aggressor forces in tactical exercises when authorized by USCONARC.
These items are made available to the Exercise Director only when
qualified personnel of the Aggressor Center participate in the exercises.
Requisitioning procedures for the artillery simulator banks and pneumatic
models are outlined in DA Pamphlet 30-30, "Aggressor Supplies". Sonic
equipment will accompany personnel from the Aggressor Center when
the use of this equipment is requested by the Exercise Director.
c. In addition to the flash, sound, and smoke devices described in this
chapter, blank ammunition, practice mines and booby traps, commonly
used in Aggressor representation are listed in Appendix VII. Safety pre-
cautions are outlined in Appendix VIII. Additional information is avail-
able in TA 23-100, Ammunition for Training.
Section II. PREFABRICATED AND FIELD EXPEDIENT MODELS
27. Prefabricated Pneumatic Models
(figs. 27-29)
Prefabricated pneumatic models of standard military equipment, when
seen by the unaided eye from a minimum distance of 500 yards, appear to
36
Figure 87. Pneumatic Armored Personnel Carrier.
be the actual pieces of equipment. The models are three dimensional and
are constructed of rubber tubing covered with a cotton fabric coating with
a rubber substitute called Neoprene. Inflation valves are conveniently
located and easily found. Air blowers or air compressors may be used to
innate the pneumatic models. The models are large and light weight, they
are secured to the ground with guy ropes and stakes. After a model is
properly inflated and secured to the ground it is easily maintained. Because
differences in temperature have a marked effect on pneumatic devices, it
is necessary to check an inflated model at least three times a day. During
the cooler parts of the day, the model may need additional air to stand
erect. During the heat of the mid-day, it may be necessary to release air
to prevent the additional air pressure from rupturing the model. Pressure
Figure 28. Pneumatic Tank (90mm Gun).
37
Figure 89. Pneumatic Self-Propelled Howitzer (105mm).
variation is permissible provided pressure from one to three pounds per
square inch is not exceeded.
28. Field Expedients
a. Field expedient models of many standard items of military equip-
ment may be constructed locally. The only limitations on the construction
of these models are the time and material available, and the ingenuity
and experience of the personnel concerned. Examples of material which
Figure SO. Field expedient model — chemical grenade.
38
Figure 31. Field expedient model — antitank rocket grenade, KTR 1.
can be used are burlap, canvas, lumber, wire, logs, nails, and paint. Care-
ful attention to scale, design, coloring, and emplacement of models will
achieve realism. The details of construction of many items of military
equipment are contained in the FM 5-20 series.
Figure S2. Field expedient model — antipersonnel mine, KPM 1.
39
Figure SB. Field expedient model — antitank mine, KTM 1.
Figure 36. Field expedient model — antitank mine, KTM 2.
Kontrau
Tanfea
Figure 37. Field expedient model — antitank mine, KTM 3.
41
Figure 38. Field expedient model — antitank mine, KTM 4-
b. Types of field expedient models which may be constructed locally
are shown in figures 30-38. Plans for fabrication may be procured from
the Commanding Officer, Aggressor Center, by interested agencies.
(1) Grenades are of four types: Offensive, defensive, chemical, and
antitank. AH grenades are painted jungle green. A 3^-inch
horizontal stripe on the body indicates the type grenade, as
follows :
(a) Offensive — one (1) red stripe.
(b) Defensive — one (1) white stripe.
(c) Chemical — one (1) purple stripe.
(d) Antitank — one (1) yellow stripe.
(2) Mines are of two types: antitank and antipersonnel. All mines
42
are painted jungle green. A 3^-inch horizontal stripe on the mine
indicates the type of mine, as follows :
(a) Antipersonnel — HE — one (1) green stripe.
(6) Antipersonnel — Chemical — one (1) purple stripe.
(c) Antitank — one (1) black stripe.
(3) Fuzes are of two types: impact and delay. A second J^-inch
horizontal stripe on the body indicates the type of fuze, as
follows:
(a) Impact — one (1) orange stripe.
(6) Delay — one (1) blue stripe.
29. Employment
Both the prefabricated pneumatic models and field expedient models
may be used to represent equipment which cannot be made available to
the units designated to be the Aggressor. When a unit is designated to
portray a larger Aggressor unit, the additional major pieces of equipment
may be represented by prefabricated pneumatic models and expedient
models. To achieve realism, location of the models should be similar to the
site of the real equipment. Signs of occupancy such as footpaths, vehicle
tracks, ammunition containers, and slit trenches will add additional
realism. Approved camouflage procedures should be used whenever
pneumatics or field expedients are employed. Maximum effective results
may be achieved through the constant application and observance of
basic camouflage discipline. Field expedient models may also be used to
assist in technical intelligence play.
Section III. FLASH, SOUND, AND SMOKE SIMULATION DEVICES
30. Simulator
a. The simulator (fig. 39) simulates the flash, sounds, and smoke of
artillery weapons firing. Its flash closely resembles those of the 90 mm
Gun M2, the 105 Howitzer, and the 155 Howitzer Ml. The sound produced
simulates the actual report of the weapon firing. The smoke produced is
a large white puff.
b. The M-110 is constructed of a plastic cylinder with an inner chamber
filled with the charge and an outer chamber that may be filled with
gasoline to provide additional flash, sound, and smoke. The M-110 is
detonated by an electric igniter that is normally issued with the M-110.
This item may be requisitioned through ordnance supply channels under
the following nomenclature: Simulator Gun Flash M-110 complete with
squib #FSN 1370-028-545-6596.
31. Multiple Tube Simulator Bank
a. The multiple tube simulator bank (fig. 40) consists of 10 steel tubes
mounted at a 60° angle in an aluminum frame. Each tube, made of steel
43
8. ASSEMBLED
1. ELECTRIC SQUIB T-3 4. PAPER FORMER 7. OUTER TUBE
2. ADAPTER HOLDER 5. SEPARATOR DISC 8. RED FILLING PLUG
3. CHIPBOARD WASHER 6. INNER TUBE
Figure 39. Simulator gun flash, M-110, assembled-dismounted.
pipe one-quarter of an inch thick, is 10 inches long and has an inside
diameter of 2]4, inches. Electric binding posts are provided to connect the
electric igniters from each tube. For safety, personnel using the simulator
44
Figure Jfl. Artillery simulator bank (10 tube).
banks should be at least 50 yards from the simulator bank and the control
box. The control box contains two 6-volt dry cell batteries (BA200/0)
and is wired to permit the independent firing of each tube. In the field,
sandbags are used to hold the banks in position during firing.
Figure 41. Simulator, small arms, flash-noise, device SC6SC.
45
b. A multiple tube simujator bank consisting of eight steel tubes is also
used. This simulator bank has the same features as the 10-tube simulator
bank.
32. Simulator, Small Arms, Flash-Noise, Device 3C65C.
(fig. 41).
This simulator produces noise, smoke, and flash to simulate machinegun
or rifle fire. It can be employed in night maneuvers for noise and flash
recognition, and in daylight in combination with target devices. It resem-
bles a small caliber machinegun. A metered amount of oxygen-acetylene
gas is ignited inside the gun barrel chamber by a spark plug to produce
flash and noise. Smoke is produced by the injection of a fine spray of
kerosene under pressure in the smoke cylinder. This simulator is available
through local training aids subcenters.
33. Use of Explosives
The firing of various caliber weapons may be represented at the firing
position by the use of standard military explosives. The best results are
obtained by placing charges about 4 feet above the ground on vertical
wooden stakes. Charges should be set at least 6 feet apart to avoid
sympathetic detonation. Quantities required to represent weapons of the
caliber indicated are as follows :
34. Employment
The simulation devices described in this section are used to represent
the firing of artillery and small arms at the firing position. These devices
may be used with appropriate prefabricated pneumatic models and field
expedient models described in paragraphs 27 and 28 or with the appropri-
ate real equipment. Representation of artillery and small arms and mortar
fire adds realism; provides training for artillery observers and troops under
simulated battle conditions ; and emphasizes counter-batteiy and counter-
mortar intelligence and techniques of fire.
35. General
Sonic equipment, consisting of a recorder-player and a high powered
vehicle mounted public address system is used to reproduce sounds
common to the battlefield. The sounds of incoming artillery fire, small
arms fire, and vehicles in convoy are a few of the many sounds that may
be reproduced. Sonic units may also be used for voice or recorded broad-
casts.
Weapons
155mm gun
155mm how
105mm how
90mm gun
Charge
Normal
7
7
Normal
Explosives
8 lbs TNT— 6 lbs C2
2 lbs TNT — \y lbs C2
y 2 lb TNT— H lb C2
2 lbs TNT— \y 2 lbs C2
Section IV. SONIC EQUIPMENT
46
Figure 4®- Magnetic tape sonic unit.
36. Equipment
a. A sonic unit is an electrically matched system consisting of a recorder,
amplifier, speaker and electrical power unit mounted on a vehicle. The
recorder, amplifier, and speaker have high fidelity characteristics to
accurately reproduce sounds. The amplifier and speaker have high power
characteristics to project the sound a great distance. The generators sup-
plies electrical power to the recorder and amplifier.
b. Two types of sonic units are presently in use at the Aggressor
Center — a wire sonic unit and a tape sonic unit. The wire sonic unit uses
sound recorded on magnetic wire. The complete unit is mounted on a
%-ton truck. The tape sonic unit uses sound recorded on magnetic tape.
47
The tape unit may be mounted on a K-ton truck with the power source,
a high level amplifier and speaker mounted on a M-ton trailer, or the
complete unit may be mounted in a %-ton truck (figs. 42-44).
37. Employment
a. Sonic units may be used to augment the sounds of battle. Sonic units
assigned to the Aggressor unit can reproduce the sounds of small arms fire
and increase the sounds of battle created by weapons with blank rounds,
pyrotechnics, and artillery simulator banks.
b. Sonic units assigned to an Aggressor unit will not only add to the
48
Magnetic Recorder
Figure 44- Wire sonic unit (large).
sound of battle, but also make a unit appear larger. Sonic units may also
reproduce sounds of vehicles in convoy or other activity.
c. In using sonic units to augment the sounds of battle, care must be
taken to prevent the sonic unit from being detected. Operating the units
under camouflage during fog or at night, will help prevent detection.
d. Sonic units may be used for voice or recorded broadcasts in a
psychological warfare program under the direction of the maneuver
director.
38. Capabilities and Limitations
a. Sonic equipment is designed to operate in all types of weather. He «•-
ever, adverse weather conditions such as rain and high winds may limit
the distance and fidelity of the sound output. The sonic units should, if
49
possible, be placed upwind from the target area. High terrain between the
sonic unit and target area causes lowered volume and fidelity.
b. The Sonics Effects Platoon is organized into two types of teams for
excercise support as follows :
"A" Team
4 Enlisted Men
2 Sonic Units (Wire), 2 1.5 KW generators
2%-ton trucks
Reproduction of sounds of light vehicles and small arms fire and
reproduction of propaganda speeches at an optimum range of
2,000 yards varying with weather and terrain features,
(o) To augment small arms fire of a company or battalion size
Aggressor force.
(6) To support Aggressor force commanders with propaganda and
psy-war material.
"B" Team
1 Noncommissioned Officer, 16 Enlisted Men
5 Sonic Units (Wire), 1 Sonic Unit (Tape)
7 1.5 KW generators, 1 AN/TIQ 2 Public Address sets, 1 Low Fre-
quency Range Speaker, 2 AN/PRC 10 Radios.
5 M-ton trucks, 1 ^£-ton truck w/trailer, 1 2}^-ton truck
Recording and reproducing most sounds common to the battlefield
at an optimum range of 2,000 yards varying with weather and
terrain features.
(o) To augment sounds created by an Aggressor force of battle-
group size.
(ft) To play and record propaganda speeches,
(c) May be used as public address system.
c. When at full strength, the Sonics Platoon can furnish the following
team combinations:
(1) Four (4) "A" Teams.
(2) Two (2) "B" Teams.
(3) Two (2) "A" Teams and one (1) "B" Team.
Section V. MARKINGS OF EQUIPMENT
39. Vehicular and Equipment Markings
Aggressor vehicles and heavy equipment are marked with a white circle
containing a green equilateral triangle (the Trigon). The points of the
triangle touch the circumference of the circle. Vehicles are marked on the
hood, sides, front bumper, and rear tailgate. These markings are in addi-
tion to those required by Army Regulations such as registration numbers
and unit bumper markings. Vehicle markings are available from the U.S.
Army Aggressor Center (ref. DA Pam 30-30). Figures 45-50 show the
detailed marking for various vehicles. Organizational vehicular markings
(bumper numbers) should not be removed, but should be covered.
PERSONNAL:
EQUIPMENT:
VEHICLES:
CAPABILITIES:
SUGGESTED
EMPLOYMENT:
PERSONNEL:
EQUIPMENT:
VEHICLES:
CAPABILITIES:
SUGGESTED
EMPLOYMENT:
50
I ft I
Figure 45. Marking of aggressor vehicles Q/i-lon truck) .
40. Aircraft Markings
All Aggressor aircraft are marked on both wings and on the fuselage,,
with a green equilateral triangle in a white circle. This marking is painted
on the aircraft and is the same size as the U.S. marking (fig. 51).
51
HJ — L_H
Figure Ifi. Marking of Aggressor vehicles {%-ton truck).
41. Naval Markings
The Aggressor ensign, a white flag with a green equilateral triangle
centered, is flown by all Aggressor naval vessels (fig. 53).
52
53
Figure 48. Marking of Aggressor vehicles (all tanks).
54
55
A
)
o
flJ
Figure SO. Marking of Aggressor vehicles (all trailers).
Figure SI. Marking of Aggressor aircraft.
56
CHAPTER 4
PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR USE OF AGGRESSOR IN
TRAINING EXERCISES
Section I. GENERAL
42. Purpose and Scope
This chapter is designed as a guide in the planning and preparation for
Aggressor participation in tactical exercises and recommended procedures
to be followed in planning Aggressor representation. There are also in-
cluded the factors to be considered in formulating plans and making the
preparations which are necessary for the proper conduct of the Aggressor
phase of an exercise.
43. Application
a. The procedures outlined herein are applicable to small unit exercises
as well as to large-scale exercises in which elements of the U.S. Army are
participating as friendly troops and as Aggressor Forces.
b. The officer responsible for the preparation and conduct of the exercise
will provide personnel necessary to plan for Aggressor employment. This
planning should be integrated into overall exercise planning program and
proceed in conjunction with all other exercise preparations.
Section II. PLANNING
44. General
a. Planning for Aggressor representation should be initiated early and
conducted concurrently with administrative, logistical, and operational
planning for the exercise.
b. The preparation of detailed plans is dependent upon the determina-
tion of factors usually contained in the directive ordering the exercise.
These include:
(1) Time, place, date, and duration of the exercise.
(2) Units to participate.
(3) Facilities available.
(4) Physical limitations.
(5) Tactical doctrine or techniques to be emphasized.
(6) Procurement of special supply items such as Aggressor equipment
and uniforms.
58
c. From the factors listed above the general plan and scheme of maneu-
ver for the exercise can be determined and the detailed planning for
Aggressor representation can be initiated.
d. Troop Tests are sometimes conducted in connection with scheduled
exercises. These may be announced in the initial directive or in those
issued later. In either event, additional Aggressor planning is required to
insure the establishment of the requirements for proper conduct of the
tests.
45. Detailed Plans
In planning for Aggressor representation in tactical exercises, each of
the following must be carefully considered :
a. Prepare plans and material for —
(1) The intelligence activity.
(2) The Aggressor agent operations.
(3) Partisan and Guerilla operations.
b. Determine Aggressor uniform, equipment, ammunition, and other
supply requirements and procurement plan. Whenever practical, planning
should include a separate base of supply for Aggressor forces.
c. Establish tentative dates for —
(1) Participating Aggressor headquarters to become operational.
(2) Beginning the intelligence buildup phase.
(3) Troops to assemble.
d. Prepare plans for organizing and training the Aggressor forces to
include conversion and rehearsals of the tactical plan.
e. Prepare operations plans or orders for the Aggressor force.
/. Plan Aggressor ground activity.
g. Prepare an implementation plan for —
(1) The handling of Aggressor prisoners of war, agents, casualties,
and deserters, and the injection of documents and foreign mate-
rial into the plan of the exercise.
(2) Initial flow of intelligence to the United States force commander
that could be expected to be in the hands of higher headquarters.
h. Prepare communications plan to support Aggressor operations.
Section III. TROOP REQUIREMENTS
46. Aggressor Combat Elements
a. Composition of the Aggressor Force. The strength and composition
of the Aggressor force must be sufficient to achieve realistic play and to
permit accomplishment of the training objectives established in the
concept of the exercise. Numerical designations of participating Aggressor
forces are included in the background scenario material which is prepared
59
' in the early stages of exercise planning. Actual designation(s) of U.S.
unit(s) to portray Aggressor should be made as soon as the total availa-
bility of exercising participating forces and their commitments are known.
b. No fixed ratio can be established that would be applicable to all types
of tactical exercises. However, range of "norms" for combat elements
should be considered beginning at 1 to 2 (i.e. 1 Aggressor to 2 friendly)
to 1 to 6 or 7. This range of ratios is presented solely as a guide. The ratio
selected will vary with each exercise and will be dependent upon many
factors such as troops available, area of operations, other commitments,
objectives to be attained through the exercise, weapons systems to be
employed, tactical concepts to be stressed and any others that are per-
tinent thereto. These general factors are also considered.
(1) Whether the Aggressor force is free or controlled.
(2) The training objectives of the exercise.
(3) Troops and facilities available.
(4) The scheme of maneuver.
(5) The types, strengths, and composition and status of training of
the participating units.
(6) The adequacy of controller personnel.
47. Other Aggressor Exercise Elements
a. Aggressor excels in partisan and guerilla activities. In addition to
the factors in paragraph 46, an additional factor of the availability and
extent of terrain suitable for these operations, must be considered in
determining the number and sizes of partisan or guerilla units to be
employed by Aggressor during a maneuver. Normally, 3 to 5 units (20-40
men per unit) are sufficient to provide adequate indoctrination in uncon-
ventional warfare operations for an opposing division.
b. Actual service elements for Aggressor logistical support should always
be based upon real requirements rather than upon troop strength ratio of
Aggressor troop strength to friendly troop strength. The required service
support elements must be established in the maneuver area prior to the
arrival of the main Aggressor forces to insure adequate support of these
forces at the time of their arrival. The designated commander of the
Aggressor force should participate in the initial planning by the maneuver
headquarters.
Section IV. PREPARATION
48. Preparation by Aggressor Commander and Staff
To achieve maximum effectiveness, the Aggressor Commander and staff
as well as the troops designated to represent the Aggressor forces, should
be available in the maneuver area sufficiently in advance of the actual
tactical phase of the exercise to permit completion of pre-exercise plans
and preparations. A planning and operational headquarters should be
established immediately, in order to- —
a. Accomplish the complete reorganization, training, and equipping of
60
the designated troops as necessary in order that they may accurately and
effectively assume their Aggressor role for the exercise.
b. Prepare the necessary Aggressor intelligence plans and material.
c. Construct progressively in accordance with the exercise situations,
defenses and positions, including normal camouflage, and development,
and conduct other necessary preparations which, if detected and properly
evaluated by United States intelligence agencies, will portray the desired
Aggressor situation.
d. Prepare and execute other plans for Aggressor activities to portray
the desired development of the Aggressor situation. These plans, particu-
arly in the Aggressor-controlled type of exercise, are based upon the
United States plans for air, sea, and ground reconnaissance furnished by
Director Headquarters. These plans must be flexible as the Aggressor
Commander should be prepared to change his plans, if United States
Force plans or operations are changed or supplemented.
e. Provide for use of Aggressor documents during the planning as well
as the tactical phase of operations.
/. Select personnel to act as prepared Aggressor prisoners of war, line
crossers, and arrange for their training and employment.
g. Plan and prepare for the implementation of patrol, agent, guerilla
warfare and special warfare activities as well as those pertaining to opera-
tions of any other agency appropriate to the ievel of the exercise.
h. Plan and conduct rehearsals by the Aggressor force in conjunction
with the umpires. Care must be exercised to insure that such rehearsals do
not disclose the Aggressor plans prematurely.
49. Pre-Exercise Preparation of the United States Force
To induce realism, all United States troops who are to participate in the
exercise, should be oriented on Aggressor, its history, Armed Forces, basic
characteristics, tactics and equipment, just as would be done prior to
entering combat against an actual enemy.
61
CHAPTER 5
INTELLIGENCE TRAINING
Section I. GENERAL
50. Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this chapter is to furnish guidance for the employment
of Aggressor the maneuver enemy, in all phases of intelligence training.
This chapter is also designed as a general guide for the planning and
execution of the intelligence phases of training exercises. A primary
purpose of Aggressor is to emphasize and enhance the various aspects of
combat intelligence and counterintelligence training. To attain this
objective, employment of Aggressor as a realistic enemy is incorporated
into training exercises from squad to major tactical unit level. This
chapter describes the use of Aggressor in individual and unit intelligence
training, the development of intelligence activity during training exercises,
and the sources of background material designed to stimulate such
activity.
51. Application and Responsibilities
a. This chapter is applicable to the employment of Aggressor in intel-
ligence training of United States personnel, and in the training of military
intelligence staff personnel and military intelligence specialists.
b. The commander is responsible for intelligence training and all
intelligence activities of his command. Planning and coordination of these
functions are the staff responsibility of the intelligence staff officer
(FM 101-5).
Section II. USE OF AGGRESSOR IN INTELLIGENCE TRAINING
52. Training Aids
a. Field Manuals. FM 30-102 contains information on the organiza-
tional structure and tactical doctrine of the Aggressor Armed Forces.
FM 30-103 contains order of battle data on major Aggressor military
commands and subordinate divisional and nondivisional units. It also
contains political, economic, and sociological background material on
the fictitious Aggressor Nation, and a history of Aggressor military cam-
paigns conducted against the United States. This data will assist com-
62
manders and staffs in planning for the employment of Aggressor during
the intelligence phases of military training.
b. Supply Items. Aggressor military uniforms, insignia, identity
documents, report forms, and various type leaflets are normally available
at Army Training Aids Subcenters and may be obtained through normal
supply channels (DA Pamphlet 30-30). Certain special equipment and
simulation devices, which are designed to aid in the realistic representa-
tion of Aggressor military forces, are also available through supply
channels. Requisitions should be submitted to training aids subcenters
at least 45 days before the items are desired. This will allow the subcenter
adequate time to procure, process, and issue the equipment.
c. Aggressor Language (FM 80-101A). Esperanto is the official
Aggressor language and is used on all Aggressor printed matter. Aggressor
troops, however, may use the language of their assumed national or ethnic
origin. This affords an opportunity for the training of military intelligence
linguists, since the conduct of interrogations and preparation of documents
may be effected in any language selected for use during a specific exercise.
53. Individual and Unit Intelligence Training
a. General. During all phases of training, Aggressor may be utilized
to further the intelligence training of the individual soldier as well as the
training of small units. Simulated combat situations may be planned or
allowed to develop in which United States troops encounter Aggressor
forces under conditions approaching actual combat. Aggressor, with his
foreign-type uniform, dissimilar organizational structure, and tactical
doctrine, presents many of the aspects of an actual enemy during training,
and thus serves to test the intelligence consciousness and proficiency of
the United States troops, commanders and staffs. The employment of
Aggressor provides realistic training for the individual soldier in such
intelligence procedures as observation, techniques, prompt and accurate
reporting of tactical information, air and ground reconnaissance activities,
safeguarding of military information, use of camouflage, camouflage
discipline, and the processing of captured enemy personnel, documents
and equipment.
b. Small Unit Exercises. In conducting small unit exercises, the unit
commander may designate a part of his unit, such as a section or a platoon,
to portray Aggressor, the enemy force. Whenever the length and scope of
the exercises permit, this procedure may be reversed wherein another
element of the unit becomes Aggressor and the personnel previously
employed as the Aggressor force revert to their status as United States
troops. It should be remembered, however, that to insure realism and thus
achieve maximum benefit from the training, a suitable period of time
should be devoted to proper orientation of the designated personnel for
their role as Aggressor. Care should also be exercised to insure that the
primary purpose of Aggressor — to provide realistic training — is not lost.
63
54. Training of Intelligence Personnel
a. Intelligence Staff Personnel. The realistic development of the
Aggressor tactical situation in training exercises provides intelligence staff
personnel with the opportunity to supervise and conduct activities relat-
ing to the production of combat intelligence. Upon receipt of intelligence
material based upon the Aggressor situation, intelligence staff personnel
can perform a realistic intelligence analysis, and engage in other related
activities as may be required for the successful operation of an intelligence
staff section (FM 30-5).
b. Intelligence Specialist. Training in intelligence, specialist activities
to include prisoner of war interrogation, counterintelligence investigation,
aerial photo interpretation, and order of battle collation, is facilitated and
given an aura of realism through the use of Aggressor. For example,
captured Aggressor personnel, when properly oriented and utilized, can
test the proper application of interrogation techniques and can provide
order of battle information to an extent which could not otherwise be
attained except in actual combat situations.
Section III. INTELLIGENCE TRAINING ACTIVITY DURING
TRAINING EXERCISES
55. Development of the Intelligence Training Plan
a. The intelligence training plan is an outline of intelligence activities
to be conducted during a training exercise, and is designed to afford maxi-
mum intelligence training to United States personnel by representing or
simulating all possible sources of enemy information. To achieve realism,
the information and intelligence that is made available to the United
States force engaged in an exercise should be developed logically. The
intelligence training plan should be initiated concurrently with other
exercise planning, and in sufficient time to permit the logical presence
and buildup of the Aggressor forces in the exercise area. The preparation
of an intelligence plan for a training exercise is covered in detail in FM
21-5.
b. The United States force participating in a particular exercise should
be excluded from the planning of intelligence activities. Their knowledge
of the intelligence plan would reduce the training benefit to be derived
from the intelligence training phase.
56. Phases of Intelligence Activity
a. Pre-Exercise Phase. During the pre-exercise or buildup phase, a
limited amount of Aggressor information and intelligence is furnished to
the participating United States force. Aggressor information normally
comes from simulated sources and includes raw order of battle data such
as unit identifications, dispositions, strength, equipment, and personalities.
Intelligence is disseminated in the form of reports from higher headquar-
ters; these include intelligence summaries and studies of terrain and
64
weather, intelligence estimates, periodic intelligence reports. These reports
encompass both combat and strategic intelligence. In the interests of
realism, both information and intelligence pertaining to Aggressor during
the pre-exercise phase should be confined to that data which is normally
available to a unit about to be committed to combat. Small unit training
is generally preceded by a pre-exercise phase of short duration. However,
in the case of large-scale exercises, this phase may extend over a period of
from four to six weeks.
b. Exercise Phase. In the actual play of the exercise, intelligence train-
ing activity should provide an opportunity for the full play of every aspect
of combat intelligence and counterintelligence. Emphasis should be placed
on —
(1) The importance of the role of the individual soldier in collecting
and reporting information on Aggressor installations and
activities physically represented during the exercise.
(2) The commander's responsibility in the production of all types of
intelligence.
(3) The careful analysis and rapid dissemination of intelligence by
intelligence staff personnel.
(4) The importance of staff coordination.
Section IV. BACKGROUND MATERIAL
57. Aggressor History
a. Origin and Development. The political and military history of the
Aggressor Nation (FM 30-103) has its origin in the immediate post World
War II period. It outlines Aggressor's military campaigns conducted
against the United States to the present time. Aggressor's territorial
conquests correspond to certain maneuver areas used by Major United
States Army commands. Upon the conclusion of a field exercise, its
tactical phase, translated into Aggressor terminology, becomes an Aggres-
sor campaign and is integrated as such into the official Aggressor history.
The existence of an official Aggressor history enables exercise planners to
select a logical point of departure for the writing of background material,
or scenario, for the pre-exercise phase.
b. Departure From Aggressor History. Departure from Aggressor
history is appropriate for local exercises in which the mere presence of an
Aggressor unit is sufficient. It is also appropriate in instances where the
desired tactical development of the exercise conflicts with established
Aggressor military history, or where the exercise area does not lend itself
to a logical or realistic occupation by Aggressor. In such instances,
Aggressor units may be arbitrarily located in the exercise without regard
to previous locations. The scenario then begins with the Aggressor force
in the general area of the exercise. Upon the conclusion of the exercise,
the tactical phase will not be treated as an Aggressor campaign and will
not be integrated into the official Aggressor history.
65
c. Use of Other Background Material. In the preparation of intelligence
plans and scenarios for the employment of Aggressor in training exercises,
commanders and intelligence staff officers may utilize such other reference
or background material as is appropriate. Other military training direc-
tives, intelligence material which is normally given wide distribution, and
material on current affairs are applicable. Precautions should be exercised
to insure that such material, unless otherwise appropriate, remains outside
the realm of security classification.
58. Aggressor Background Scenario
a. General. An aggressor background scenario, based generally upon
the history of Aggressor's military campaigns, is written for training
exercises of large scale. It provides a logical background for and detailed
account of the events and operations leading to Aggressor's presence in an
exercise area. The scenario, together with Aggressor order of battle, is the
basis for all information and intelligence to be released or made available
to the United States force for exploitation during the conduct of an
exercise. The scenario should be prepared with imagination and in accord
with Aggressor's doctrinal concepts. When properly utilized, it stimulates
interest and provides continuous intelligence training for all personnel
and units engaged in an exercise.
b. Phases of the Scenario. The Aggressor background scenario is pre-
pared in two phases, the pre-exercise phase and the tactical phase. The
material prepared for each phase should be adapted to requirements of
the activities planned for that phase.
(1) The pre-exercise phase describes the invasion and occupation of
an exercise area by Aggressor. Normally, the scenario will
establish the location of the Aggressor force in an exercise area
prior to the commencement of an exercise. It may contain
information which is used as a basis for training in many aspects
of military operations. For example, the scenario may indicate
that Aggressor's ruthless campaigns of conquest have led to the
displacement of large numbers of the civilian populace, thus
furnishing a basis for exercise play in civil affairs and military
government.
(2) The tactical phase of the scenario includes Aggressor activities
in the area during the tactical phase of an exercise. This portion
of the scenario provides the tactical information upon which the
intelligence operations during the actual conduct of the exercise
are based and developed. The extent to which the tactical phase
of the scenario may be completed prior to an exercise is depend-
ent upon the degree to which the Aggressor force is to be con-
trolled.
c. Continuity of the Scenario. The Aggressor military campaign
described in the scenario should be a continuation of Aggressor history.
66
Aggressor background scenarios for training exercises driected by
USCONARC and Department of the Army will be prepared by the U.S.
Army Aggressor Center, Fort Riley, Kansas, upon request from the
exercise director.
59. Aggressor Order of Battle
a. Accurate portrayal of Aggressor units during an exercise provides
opportunity for training in order to battle (OB) intelligence. Use of
Aggressor order of battle, to include unit designation, unit histories, and
personalities, materially contributes to the esprit de corps of the Aggressor
force opposing United States troops in an exercise.
b. The Aggressor order of battle for a tactical exercise, other than one
in which a U.S. Army Aggressor Center Field Advisory Team is participat-
ing, may be partially obtained from FM 30-103. Additional OB data,
when required, may be obtained from U.S. Army Aggressor Center, upon
request. Master files containing complete OB on all Aggressor units are
prepared and maintained current by the Aggressor Center. For exercises
directed by USCONARC and Department of the Army the Aggressor
order of battle will be furnished by U.S. Army Aggressor Center. This
avoids simultaneous identifications of an Aggressor military unit in widely
divergent geographical areas, and assures a logical and reasonable con-
tinuity of the history of the Aggressor Armed Forces.
c. Where the tactical situation in a particular exercise is a departure
from Aggressor history outlined in FM 30-113, order of battle data may
be added locally.
Section V. MEANS OF STIMULATING INTELLIGENCE PLAY
60. General
During a training exercise, information of intelligence interest is released
to participating units by means of the information distribution plan. This
plan, which is prepared by the exercise director staff, is discussed in detail
in FM 21-5. Column three of the plan lists the source which has been
selected as a vehicle for transmitting information or intelligence to the
United States force.
61. Documents and Equipment
a. Aggressor documents provide the most reliable source of information
and intelligence for the United States force. Documents may be either
planted on prepared Aggressor personnel, such as prisoners and agents, or
left in abandoned positions and installations.
b. Official Aggressor documents may be prepared by using prescribed
forms. Preparation of personal documents is limited only by the imagina-
tion of intelligence personnel in the exercise director headquarters. To be
most effective as an intelligence training aid, all documents should be
67
prepared in the foreign languages known to participating military intelli-
gence personnel, or in Esperanto.
c. Items of equipment of unusual or foreign characteristics, can be
successfully used to promote technical intelligence play when properly
introduced into a tactical exercise. Items introduced, should be based upon
developments which have progressed to the extent that they have some
practical application for military operations purposes. Any or all of the
following elements may be stressed through technical intelligence play:
(1) design and operation, (2) physical characteristics, (3) performance,
(4) operational capabilities, (5) limitations of the item, (6) storage, (7)
manufacture, (8) maintenance, and (9) effects of weather, terrain, and
environment factors. These items can be introduced at any level; they
should be employed in all exercises of division size or larger.
62. Prepared Prisoners of War, Casualties, and Deserters
a. All Aggressor personnel are subject to capture. To insure that
planned information is made available to United States interrogation
personnel, selected personnel from the Aggressor force are trained to por-
tray prisoners of war, casualties, and deserters, These personnel should
speak the same language known to United States interrogation specialists.
All other Aggressor personnel, if captured, should give only name, rank,
serial number, and date of birth.
b. To obtain the maximum degree of realism, the Aggressor soldiers
selected to act as prisoners of war, casualties, or deserters, should portray
the various types of personalities actually encountered in combat. These
should include the security minded, talkative, nervous and confused,
scared, and arrogant types. So far as possible, the personality and age of
the soldier selected should be suited to the type of prisoner he is to portray.
His background story should, if possible, contain elements of his personal
and military history. His Aggressor name may be a translation or an
adaptation of his actual name.
c. Selected personnel should be completely familiar with the history,
organization, strength, code name, Armed Forces postal number, key
personalities, and morale of the Aggressor unit they have been designated
to represent. Personnel should be instructed to refrain from divulging any
information other than that which they could logically be assumed to have.
Prepared prisoners of war must also be familiar with the tactical situation
which prevails at the time of their capture. They will carry identity books
and materials, properly filled out in a desired Aggressor language.
63. Aggressor Agents
a. Aggressor agents are used primarily to test the effectiveness of United
States counterintelligence and security measures, the security conscious-
ness of the individual soldier, and the investigative ability of United States
counterintelligence personnel. Agents should be assigned missions of
68
espionage, sabotage, or subversion. Since the use of such agents is designed
to further counterintelligence play in training exercises, their employment
as primary sources of combat intelligence should be avoided.
b. Background stories of agents should provide for a mode of operation,
either as individuals or members of a net. Aggressor agent nets may
operate under the auspices of the Circle Trigon Party, affiliated subversive
organizations, or the Aggressor counterintelligence apparatus. Agents
may be Aggressor nationals, Aggressor soldiers who have evaded capture
in previous campaigns, of the United States and Allied nationals sympa-
thetic to the Aggressor cause.
c. As in the case of prisoners of war, casualties, and deserters, the back-
ground story of an individual selected to portray an agent should contain,
if possible, elements of his personal life hisory. Selected personnel should
also be familiar with Aggressor history, military organization, political
philosophy, and methods of espionage, sabotage, and subversion.
d. In addition to a background story, which will only be revealed upon
proper interrogation, personnel selected to portray agents will be furnished
with a cover story. Agents' cover identities should be corroborated by
fraudulent documents, permitting them to gain access to United States
installations. These documents should contain errors which may be
detected upon close examination. Agents should also carry documents
concealed on their person, which establish their assumed Aggressor
identity. These documents, if discovered and exploited in conjunction with
information obtained during interrogation, will furnish the United States
force with information and intelligence of counterintelligence interest.
64. Ground Activities
a. Aggressor ground activities are designed to further the intelligence
training of the United States force in ground and aerial observation. These
ground activities, as a source of information, are pre-planned in conform-
ance with the projected tactical development of the exercise and coordi-
nated with the planned time and date of United States force reconnais-
sance missions.
b. All logical military activities of the type of Aggressor unit opposing
the United States force should be portrayed. These include movements of
personnel and equipment as well as tactical and logistical installations
close to the front or in rear areas. Each portrayal must be executed
carefully and in detail to present a realistic appearance to visual or
photographic reconnaissance. For example, pneumatic or dummy models
of vehicles in an area devoid of tracks are unrealistic. Similarly, a bivouac
area lacking signs of human habitation is unrealistic when viewed by the
eye or on a photograph. Foot paths, vehicle tracks, and prepared fields of
fire are a necessary part of gun emplacements of heavy weapons positions.
All tactical positions should be camouflaged so that they are not obvious
to a photo-interpreter or aerial observer.
69
65. Aerial Photo Interpretation
a. To provide aerial photo interpreters with a means of realistic train-
ing, aerial photography should be used in both the planning phase and the
tactical phase of an exercise. Aggressor positions, emplacements, and
installations may be either actually represented on the ground or simulated
and marked with identification panels. When physically represented, the
construction of Aggressor installations should be so scheduled that
progress of Aggressor activity is discovered through interpretation of
repetitive photographic cover flown by United States air reconnaissance.
All aggressor positions and installations which are not part of the scheme
of maneuver should be located outside the tactical area; if this is not
feasible, it should be distinctly identified without regard to the tactical
situation.
b. With regard to training in aerial photography, Aggressor activity,
whether physically represented or simulated, should conform to the
planned tactical situation. Coordination between the exercise control
headquarters and the Aggressor force is therefore required. The Aggressor
force should be aware of the schedule of United States air reconnaissance
missions, to include changes and special request missions.
66. Training in Communications Intelligence
Aggressor radio traffic in training exercises provides both a source of
information and training of communications intelligence personnel. Actual
or simulated Aggressor electronic warfare measures may also be introduced
into an exercise for training purposes. Radio nets in operations should
include those of the Aggressor Force represented in an exercise as well as
certain radio nets of higher and adjacent units which are essential to the
logical conduct of the exercise. Aggressor entry into non-Aggressor radio
nets will provide training in communications security, authentication
procedures, and countermeasures activity. To assist exercise directors or
other commanders in such communications training, the Aggressor Center,
Fort Riley, Kansas, has available upon request, a special Signal Company
which has the capability of portraying a variety of the radio communica-
tions nets found in the Aggressor triangular division. This capability
includes portrayal of certain frequency-modulated voice, amplitude,
modulated voice and/or continuous wave, and radio teletype nets, or
combinations thereof. In addition, this special signal unit has the capa-
bility of monitoring and copying to hard copy or on magnetic recording
tape AM, FM, voice, C.W., or RTT transmissions of non-Aggressor units
for intelligence collection purposes. Such copies transmissions may, if
requested, be remoted to the headquarters desiring the information. The
unit also has the capability of entering non-Aggressor radio communica-
tions nets for the purpose of creating confusion, passing false or misleading
traffic, and generally disrupting the non- Aggressor communications sys-
tem. Employment of this unit provides training in all phases of communi-
cations security for individual operators as well as for those agencies
assigned the responsibility of overall communications security.
70
CHAPTER 6
PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE AND UNCONVENTIONAL
WARFARE
Section I. GENERAL
67. Purpose
This chapter is designed as a guide for the planning and preparation for
use of psychological warfare situations and unconventional warfare
activities in training exercises.
68. Application
The procedures outlined in this chapter are general in nature. Imple-
mentation in the preparation of an exercise should be performed under the
supervision of personnel with special training in the fields of psychological
or unconventional warfare.
Section II. PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
69. General Use
Aggressor forces will employ psychological warfare operations against
opposing military and nonmilitary personnel in all possible situations. To
be effective and not endanger human life or cause needless damage to
physical property, such activities should be part of a carefully prepared
plan approved by the exercise director. Any means, other than those which
inflict physical injury to personnel or damage to property and equipment,
may be used by Aggressor forces to lower the morale or otherwise hinder
the efforts of the friendly troops. Extreme care must be exercised to insure
that all actions designed to decrease the morale or combat effectiveness of
opposing forces will be in keeping with the objectives of the specific exercise
and not of such nature as to lower the solder's morale permanently, or to
reflect discredit upon the service. If extensive plans are contemplated for
psychological warfare activities in a tactical exercise, civil authorities
(local and State), the area F.B.I, and Civil Defense representatives should
be given detailed plans of the intended play.
70. Psychological Warfare and Training Exercises
Psychological warfare is a supporting military weapon. It is the planned
use of propaganda and exploitation of other actions with the primary
purpose of influencing target behavior. Psychological warfare must be
71
integrated into operations taking into consideration policy guidance. To
do this, the psychological warfare operator attempts to focus attention
and suggest a desired meaning to selected events. This requires that a
situation be structured so that it may be anticipated, interpreted, and
understood in the manner desired by the propagandist. In this manner the
maneuver situation can be capitalized on and interpreted to the target
audience (United States Troops). Psychological warfare activities are
designed to accomplish the following during peace time exercises:
a. Provide training opportunities for psychological warfare units and
personnel.
b. Indoctrinate United States troops in techniques of psychological
warfare and thereby inform them of some of the types of propaganda
which might confront them under real combat conditions.
c. Provide opportunity for United States intelligence personnel to
observe, interpert and evaluate types of enemy propaganda.
d. Provide areas for testing and developing countermeasures for anti-
propaganda activities.
e. Show that psychological warfare operations are not only directed at
tactical troops but also to POW's and civilian populace.
71. Psychological Warfare Activities Should Fit Definite Situations
a. During training exercise, the soldier is faced with several motivating
influences. Some of these are —
(1) Object fear.
(2) Anxiety.
(3) Fear of failure before one's peers.
(4) Fear of death.
(5) Fear of injury.
Death and injury may be secondary to fear of failure before one's peers.
b. Psychological warfare in support of training exercises, with Aggressor
as the maneuver enemy opposing United States troops, should be con-
ducted so as to capitalize on propaganda opportunities present in the
training situation. Propaganda appeals should be directed toward condi-
tions existing in the maneuver area or directly affecting the troops. For
this reason, threatening troops with "Annihilation" or "Destruction" is
incongruous in a training situation. Aggressor psychological warfare
should employ techniques similar to those that are encountered in combat
situations but which are related to the realities of the training situation.
72. Techniques
Aggressor technique which have been used to impair the efficiency of
United States troops during maneuvers are —
a. Pointing out local dangers from wild animals, reptiles, and insects
which may be present in areas of conflict between United States and Ag-
gressor forces.
72
b. Emphasizing acute discomforts suffered by the individual soldier due
to weather, terrain, climate, and living conditions in the field and offering
the comforts of garrison life to United States soldiers who become pris-
oners.
c. Providing inducements to United States troops to leave their bivouac
areas or positions.
d. Exploiting morale problems which may arise prior to and during the
tactical phase of the maneuver.
e. Devising means of starting rumors among United States troops for
the purpose of temporarily reducing their morale and exploiting results to
the tactical advantage of the Aggressor forces.
73., Appeals to Other Groups
United States troops should be impressed with the fact that Aggressor
will conduct psychological warfare prior to combat operations, during
combat, and in his prisoner of war camps. They must also bear in mind
that Aggressor will direct psychological warfare at the civilian population
of the United States and that he will exploit informp/uWi inadvertently
disclosed by military personnel to undermine morale of the homefront.
74. Tactical Phase
During the tactical phase of an exercise, psychological warfare is con-
ducted to capitalize on any appropriate propaganda opportunity that may
present itself in the training situation. This activity is designed to familiar-
ize U.S. troops with psychological warfare operations. Realistic situations
may be injected into problem play if the trained psychological warfare
personnel are available and conditions are suitable. Such activities must
be coordinated with the tactical situation if maximum effectiveness is to
be obtained. The following are some of the means that may be used in
carrying on psychological warfare activities:
a. Posters may be developed following selected themes and placed
along routes of communication.
b. Leaflets may be left behind by Aggressor troops, dropped in to
assembly areas from aircraft, or distributed in CP. areas etc., by small
patrols that infiltrate during the hours of darkness.
c. Loud speakers may be used in the vicinity of front lines to deliver
appeals, rumors and propaganda to United States troops.
d. Radio broadcasts from either fixed or mobile broadcasting stations
may be used effectively to give information to United States forces.
Section III. UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE
75. General
a. Unconventional or irregular warfare is commonly referred to as
Partisan warfare. This form of warfare, long accorded a recognizable place
73
in the scheme of military activities, has been a subject of consideration at
several international conferences. These are rules which govern the con-
duct of irregular warfare. They are:
(1) The forces will be headed by a person who is responsible for his
subordinates.
(2) They will wear some fixed distinctive badge or insignia that is
recognizable at a distance.
(3) They will carry arms openly.
(4) They will conform in their operations to the customs and laws of
war.
b. When these rules are followed, the irregular troops are accorded
recognition as belligerent forces. The rules also provide that when a
country or territory is invaded, the inhabitants who take up arms on
approach of the invaders and resist may be accorded the status of bellig-
erent forces provided they carry arms openly, approach the enemy
spontaneously, and respect the customs and laws of war. Aggressor has a
long record of irregular warfare activities and may be expected to con-
stantly employ such activities against opposing forces in all operations.
These operations must be well planned and carefully directed in order that
interference with the planned progress of the maneuver and the accom-
plishment of the training objectives will not result.
76. Missions for Irregular Units
a. The range of missions assigned to unconventional warfare groups
will depend upon the strengths, organization, state of training, equip-
ment and experience of the personnel. Normally, these types of forces are
not expected to attack a position directly in an attempt to force a decision
or to attempt to defend a line or a point. They are primarily directed at
actions which will tend to disrupt the combat plans and organizations of
the enemy by causing him to divert front line troops to other areas and
missions. Here are some suitable unconventional warfare missions for
training exercises:
(1) Interdiction of lines of communications by road blocks and
demolitions.
(2) Divert front line troops to rear area defense.
(3) Conduct raids on supply dumps, CP, bivouacs, assembly areas,
motor parks, communications centers, Air Defense Artillery,
AAA and Field Artillery missile and cannon emplacements,
missile launching positions, airfields and service installations.
(4) Cutting and tapping telephone wires.
(5) Destruction of route marking signs and otherwise interfering with
traffic flow.
(6) Locating suitable nuclear targets.
(7) Behind the lines reconnaissance and collection of military
information.
74
(8) Distribution of propaganda within and behind the enemy lines.
(9) Distribution of false orders, messages, and rumors.
(10) Terrorizing local populations and preventing use of civil facilities
by opposing military forces.
b. Normally, the mission and deployment of partisan units will pre-
clude their extensive use in collecting combat intelligence. For this pur-
pose, Aggressor unconventional warfare uses two distinctive types of
units. One is the long-range patrol, termed the Raid-Intelligence Group
which is airdropped, airlanded, or infiltrated into the enemy rear. It seizes
and interrogates prisoners and transmits intelligence gained directly by
radio to the corps army or army group headquarters to which the group is
attached. In addition to these overt uniformed groups, Covert Intelligence
Groups are trained and equipped to operate espionage nets in enemy rear
areas and communicate with parent headquarters. Neither type of group
contains more than 12 individuals. Twenty groups are contained in a
brigade at army level. Groups may be attached to lower headquarters for
specific operations.
77. Techniques of Employment in Training Exercises
a. Prior to maneuver D-day, irregular troops may be placed in desired
locations such as swamps, forests, mountains or other secluded areas that
are to be over run by opposition.* Arrangements must be made to admin-
istratively move these forces from one location to another when it is not
feasible to move them tactically by infiltration or other means. All regular
forces employed should operate under the direction of an in accordance
with the desires of the military command. Designations such as "Inter-
national Brigades" and "Volunteers" should be introduced so as to give a
wider range of activities for the play of unconventional warfare.
b. A main base of supply and several alternate bases should be devel-
oped for irregular units. The main base might be established by preposi-
tioning supplies at some point within the objective area. Resupply should
be determined by local conditions. Wherever possible, these units should
be resupplied operationally. In inland areas airdropping or airlanding is
desirable while in coastal areas either airdropping or amphibious means
will suffice.
c. Uniforms worn by irregular troops in an exercise should be nonde-
script and not distinctive of either force. All troops should wear some
similar distinguishing badge, insignia or piece of clothing. Different types
of uniforms should be developed for the separate groups. The maneuver
director might direct the use of the uniform of opposing forces by guerilla
personnel for special situations designed to develop the alertness and
security consciousness of opposing units. Civilian clothing should not be
worn unless it has been adapted into some recognizable type of uniform.
A combination of civilian dress and Aggressor uniform is recommended.
* Special forces or irregular units may also infiltrate by air, land, or water throughout the maneuver.
75
CHAPTER 7
ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING OF AN AGGRESSOR FORCE
Section I. GENERAL
78. Purpose
This chapter is designed as a guide in selecting United States troop units
to represent Aggressor and in organizing, equipping, and training Aggres-
sor forces for tactical exercises.
79. Application
Local conditions, time available, and the size of the Aggressor force
govern the application of procedures outlined in this chapter. These pro-
cedures can be further modified to permit the inclusion of special training
as might be required for new or different situations. It is not necessary that
the training recommended in this chapter and Appendix VI be given in a
separate block. Those units which can do so should insert limited amounts
of Aggressor instruction into their normal education and training pro-
grams. This will insure a constant basic knowledge of Aggressor, The
Maneuver Enemy, and enable each specific Aggressor training program to
accomplish increased results in preparing a suitable exercise enemy.
80. Orientation
All Aggressor troops should be oriented on Aggressor, its purpose,
history, uniforms, and the special equipment and procedures to be em-
ployed in the exercise. This orientation introduces the reorganization and
training which follows. This program should be extended to include the
friendly elements so that they will have some familiarity with their
enemy.
81. Aggressor Tactics
All officers and noncommissioned officers of the Aggressor force should
be trained in Aggressor tactics. Tactical doctrine as contained in FM
30-102, may be modified to reflect current trends. These tactics, so far as
practicable, should be used by the Aggressor force during the exercise to
stress their difference from United States tactics, and to develop the
realization that other armies employ difference tactical doctrine.
76
Section II. ORGANIZATION
82. General
Reorganization of the United States units designated to represent the
Aggressor force should begin immediately after the Aggressor units have
been selected by type and the Aggressor order of battle has been deter-
mined.
83. Reorganization to Aggressor Order of Battle
a. In reorganizing as an Aggressor unit, each United States unit con-
cerned must adopt the organization, history, numerical designation, and
the personal identities of the Aggressor unit it is representing. For a
sample conversion plan, see Appendix IX.
b. Aggressor uniforms, headgear, insignia, and documents are issued to
all personnel. The numerical designations of Aggressor units being repre-
sented are stamped on the sleeve patches and collar tabs. To prevent
compromise of the Aggressor organization, this should be done after per-
manent movement into the maneuver area.
c. Additional weapons and equipment required to represent accurately
the specific Aggressor organization are produced and issued.
d. The names and ranks of commanders of all Aggressor units repre-
sented in the order of battle are assumed by the appropriate personnel.
Aggressor names are arbitrarily assigned to all other Aggressor personnel.
e. Aggressor individual identity books are prepared and issued to all
personnel of the Aggressor force. Circle Trigon Party membership cards
are issued to agents and other selected personnel. Permanent and tempor-
ary Aggressor passes and administrative forms may be prepared and issued
to individuals as appropriate.
Section III. TRAINING
84. Time Required
The time required to train United States troops for the role of Aggressor
varies with the size, type, and duration of the exercise and with the Ag-
gressor activities to be included. The training of a few Aggressor soldiers
for a squad or platoon exercise without extensive intelligence activity
requires little time. An Aggressor force can be organized, equipped, and
trained for a large-scale exercise in from four (4) to six (6) weeks.
85. Training of the Aggressor Force
a. The United States troops designated to represent Aggressor conven-
tional military forces must be uniformed, organized, and equipped as
prescribed in chapters 2 and 3, FM 30-102, and 30-103, and trained in
Aggressor tactics.
The reorganization, conversion, and training of the United States troops to
act as the Aggressor force is facilitated by selecting troops similar in type,
77
strength, and equipment to the Aggressor units that they are to represent and
by early designation of the Aggressm' force commander and staff. When
directed by appropriate authority, elements of U.S. Army Aggressor
Center may be made available for the purpose of aiding in the preparation
and training of Aggressor for designated tactical exercises. United States
troops designated to represent Aggressor guerillas should be permitted the
latitude in dress which is normal for guerilla personnel.
b. Aggressor forward units should be represented at full strength. Rear
area units, installations, and activities should be portrayed to add realism
and provide logical targets for ground and aerial observation, and photo-
graphic reconnaissance missions. Prefabricated or improvised models of
equipment and appropriate simulation devices and specially prepared
installations may be used when sufficient actual equipment and/or
personnel are not available.
c. Additional Aggressor units are included in a tactical exercise, without
representation, when necessary to the proper conduct of the exercise. These
include higher Aggressor headquarters, adjacent units, and the uncom-
mitted reserve elements of the Aggressor force employed in the exercise.
The play of the simulated or paper units is the responsibility of controller
personnel, so it is necessary that this subject be covered during the conduct
of the controller or umpire training program.
86. Training of Specialists
Specialists for operations are required to operate and maintain pneu-
matic equipment and simulator banks, and to act as prepared prisoners of
war, casualties, and deserters. These specialists must be trained as follows :
a. Prefabricated Pneumatic Equipment. Training the specialists in
the operation and maintenance of prefabricated pneumatic equipment may
be accomplished in approximately four (4) hours.
b. Multiple Tube Simulator Banks. Two (2) operators per bank are
required. Personnel selected should be qualified in the use of explosives.
Training in the operation and maintenance of this equipment can be
accomplished in approximately four (4) hours.
c. Prepared Prisoners of War, Casualties, and Deserters. Prepared
prisoners of war, casualties, and deserters must be familiar with Aggressor,
Aggressor documents, and current tactical situation, methods of interrog-
ation, and their own personal background stories. Six (6) prepared prison-
ers per day for each IPW detachment on the United States side is recom-
mended. Training requires approximately forty (40) hours. The use of
qualified military intelligence specialists must not be overlooked.
87. Small Unit Tactical Problems
Small unit problems, emphasizing Aggressor organization and tactics,
should be conducted by all units of the Aggressor force prior to the exer-
cise. This training familiarizes all personnel with the Aggressor organiza-
78
tion, names, uniforms, and tactics to be employed during the exercise.
Normally, from four (4) to six (6) days are adequate.
88. Rehearsals with Umpires
a. The Aggressor force should rehearse the planned tactical operations
with the umpires. This enables both to become familiar with the terrain
and the control measures to be employed. Aggressor commanders are also
provided an opportunity to plan and prepare positions. Normally, one day
of rehearsal should be the minimum allowed for each phase of tactical play
in the exercise. The rehearsal phase is probably the most important phase
of the training program for it is here that actual results of what is to be
accomplished can be predetermined. These rehearsals should be thorough.
During the rehearsal phase, each form of communication should be
checked and rechecked to ensure that it will properly serve its purpose.
It should be determined whether there are alternate means of communica-
tion available to supplement each primary means and to immediately
replace any primary means which might go out of order or might not work
properly for some other reason.
b. Once an exercise begins, control becomes a dominant factor. Control
is extremely dependent upon good communications.
c. The rehearsal phase allows for the elimination or changing of those
situations which are so "canned" that they are completely unrealistic.
Where time permits, there should be at least three (3) rehearsals of each
major phase — this is particularly true when the size of the Aggressor force
is small as compared to the friendly force. The rehearsal phase is also
applicable to small unit exercises. A rifle platoon or squad which has been
well trained and rehearsed in its Aggressor role can provide a very realistic
vehicle for the tactical training of a much larger unit.
79
CHAPTER 8
THE UNITED STATES ARMY AGGRESSOR CENTER
89. Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief resume of the U.S. Army
Aggressor Center activities.
90. General
The United States Army Aggressor Center is a permanent agency of
the U.S. Continental Army Command. It provides advice, assistance and
Aggressor supply items required to support an Aggressor force in tactical
exercises, command post exercises and other training. It assists other U.S.
Continental Army Command agencies in developing doctrine, tactics,
and techniques to be employed for maneuver control and renders assist-
ance in the development of field training and command post exercises.
This assistance is accomplished through continuous close liaison with
USCONARC and other Army Schools, CONUS Armies, U.S. Army
Alaska, U.S. Army Caribbean, and other agencies which are engaged in
the development and testing of tactical doctrine and equipment. The
Commanding Officer, Aggressor Center, communicates directly with the
Commandant, Command and General Staff College in the coordination
of the specific Aggressor missions. Visits, correspondence and exchange of
information with other services are encouraged.
91. Organization
The Aggressor Center consists of a Headquarters, a Headquarters
Company, and assigned units referred to as Aggressor support units. The
headquarters has the usual unit staff sections to assist the Commander in
the functions of personnel, intelligence, operations and training, and logis-
tics. In addition to the normal staff, there is one (1) other staff section
designated as the Combat Developments Section. The headquarters is
functionally organized to provide operating manufacturing, storage, and
exercise support elements for field operations. The Aggressor Center pro-
vides personnel to serve in advisory capacities. The units, commanders,
staffs, and troops who compose the Aggressor forces for maneuvers and
training exercises are to be provided from sources controlled by the Exer-
cise Director. Aggressor Center exercise support is coordinated through
the Field Team Commanders of the S3 Section.
80
92. Missions
Missions of the Aggressor Center are set forth in AR 350-177. Additional
missions may be directed by the Commanding General, United States
Continental Army Command. All missions of the Aggressor Center are
pointed towards the primary purpose of Aggressor which is to increase the
realism in training.
93. Field Employment
a. Field employment of Aggressor Center personnel and resources in
training exercises is based upon the provisions of AR 350-177 dated 16
November 1955, and current Headquarters United States Continental
Army Command Training Directives depicting Standing Operating Pro-
cedure for the conduct of DA and USCONARC-directed field and com-
mand post exercises. Field assistance is initiated by the Center's repre-
sentative attending the initial planning conference of the Commander
responsible for the preparation and conduct of the specific exercise. Based
upon decisions resulting from the planning conference and the recom-
mended support, the Aggressor Center supports the exercise through the
planning, pre-training, and actual exercise phases. Aggressor scenarios and
orders of battle (ch. 5) are prepared by specialists at the Aggressor Center
and submitted to the Exercise Director for approval and use as a basis for
preparation of the exercise.
b. The Aggressor Center Field Advisory Teams are trained at the
Center for participation in specific exercises and normally arrive in the
exercise area at the same time as the United States troops that have been
designated to portray Aggressor forces.
c. During the planning phase continuous liaison is maintained between
the Aggressor Center and the Exercise Planning Group (Director) by staff
visits and correspondence.
94. Aggressor War Room
An Aggressor War Room is maintained by the U.S. Army Aggressor
Center to insure that information on Aggressor is readily available to these
commanders, charged by Continental Army Command, with the prepara-
tion and conduct of tactical exercises. An Aggressor Campaign Map is
maintained to show his previously conducted military operations and his
present lodgment areas. In addition, current planning maps are maintained
for forthcoming exercises. The facilities of the War Room are available,
upon request, to personnel responsible for the preparation of any tactical
exercise.
95. Aggressor Support
a. The Center is capable of providing two to five Field Advisory Teams
in support of training exercises. These Aggressor Center Field Teams are
organized and trained to support designated exercises when authorized
81
by appropriate authority. A team is organized to include one officer in
charge, appropriate staff representatives qualified in Aggressor intelli-
gence, operations, training, and supply; and an Aggressor detachment
composed of personnel required to provide the nucleus of trained operators
for special Aggressor equipment and simulation devices (ch. 3), Aggressor
orientations, demonstrations, and other duties relative to Aggressor
representation. The Aggressor Field Team is designed to support the
entire maneuver staff, and not a particular staff section.
b. The senior officer assigned to the team will —
(1) Supervise the training of support units assigned to the exercise
while at the home station.
(2) Plan and coordinate the movement of team members and Aggres-
sor support units to and from the exercise area.
(3) Supervise the operation and activities of the team while in the
exercise area.
(4) Attend (or be represented at) the initial planning conference of
the commands responsible for the planning and conduct of the
exercise.
(5) Serve as a member of the staff of the Exercise Director and advise
and assist in all matters pertaining to the employment of Ag-
ressor.
(6) Assist with maneuver control.
(7) Advise the Aggressor force command on matters pertaining to
the organization, training, and employment of the Aggressor
force, as desired by the exercise director.
(8) Provide instructors to conduct training in the employment opera-
tion, and maintenance of Aggressor equipment and simulator
device.
(9) Render after-action reports required in conjunction with the
utilization of the Aggressor Center Field Advisory Team and
support elements during the exercise.
(10) Assist in conduct of umpire or controller training when appro-
priate.
(11) Determine the suitability of Aggressor equipment for the specific
type of exercise.
(12) Attend all briefings and conferences relative to the actual conduct
of the exercise and particularly those held for the purpose of
planning future Aggressor force activities.
(13) Attend the final critique.
82
APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
DA Pam 30-30
DA Pam 108-1
DA Pam 310-3
DA Pam 310-4
DA Pam 320-1
AR 220-55
AR 310-3
AR 320-5
AR 320-50
ATP 20-5
Army Subject
Schedules 6-30
FM 21- 5
FM 21-6
FM 21-30
FM 30-5
FM 30-7
FM 30-9
FM 30-15
FM 30-16
FM 30-19
FM 30-101A
FM 30-102
FM 30-103
FM 31-15
FM 31-21
FM 105-5
TF 30-1543
TV 362
Aggressor Supplies
Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, and
Phono-Recordings
Index of Training Publications
Index of Technical Manuals, Technical Bulletins, Sup-
ply Bulletins, Lubrication Orders, and Modification
Work Orders
Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint
Usage
Field and Command Post Exercises
Preparation and Processing of Military Publications
Dictionary of United States Army Terms
Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes
Army Training Program for Field Exercises and Maneu-
vers
Umpiring and Aggressor Forces
Military Training
Techniques of Military Instruction
Military Symbols
Combat Intelligence
Combat Intelligence Battle Group
Combat Intelligence, Field Army
Examination of Personnel and Documents
Technical Intelligence
Order of Battle Intelligence
Esperanto Language
Handbook on Aggressor Military Forces
Aggressor Order of Battle
Operations against Airborne Attack Guerilla Action and
Infiltration
Guerilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations
Maneuver Control
The Aggressor Force
The Big Picture
83
APPENDIX II
AGGRESSOR CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND MILITARY
SYMBOLS
Section I. GENERAL
1 . Use of Aggressor Conventional Signs and Military Symbols
Aggressor conventional signs and military symbols are used by Aggres-
sor troops, particularly on maps and in documents prepared for capture by
the United States troops. These signs and symbols are not intended for
use by United States Forces in intelligence operations, reports, or on
situation maps.
2. Conventional Signs
Conventional signs, marginal data, and the grid system found on Ag-
gressor maps generally correspond to that used on United States military
maps. In fact, many of the maps used by Aggressor forces are captured
United States maps. On some maps, a special Aggressor grid system may
be overprinted and marginal data shown in a language used by Aggressor.
3. Military Symbols
Aggressor military symbols are derived from the symbols contributed
by the various military personnel of occupied countries, and miscellaneous
soldiers of fortune, which make up the Aggressor Armed Forces. In addi-
tion, many a hard-pressed Aggressor draftsman has been known to go back
to his native army's symbols or to invent additional needed symbols. In
such cases, these improvised symbols are usually added to the legend.
4. Colors
Aggressor normally uses black on military maps to show information
of friendly forces and red to show information of the enemy.
Section II. CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND MILITARY SYMBOLS
5. Purpose and Scope
This section does not include all the symbols for all units, organizations,
or installations, but illustrates the uniform pattern that is followed in
indicating the different types in order that the military symbols which
84
appear in Aggressor operations orders, or on Aggressor maps, and overlays
may be understood.
6. Organization of Section
Symbols for units and activities or installations are arranged by branch
or type in alphabetical order. Symbols for weapons are grouped by type.
7. Basic Symbols
a. Basic symbols listed in paragraph 9 are used with a rectangle to
indicate a unit and its branch. These symbols are also used within a tri-
angle to indicate a unit observation post or in the upper right sector of a
supply installation symbol to indicate a unit supply installations.
b. The size of a military unit is indicated by placing the appropriate
basic symbol above or in the rectangle or triangle as shown.
c. Unit boundaries, zones, or areas are shown by placing the symbol
denoting the size of the unit in a break in the symbol which indicates the
boundary. See paragraph II.
d. The caliber of a weapon in millimeters is shown to the right when the
weapon symbol alone is used. When the symbol of the weapon is combined
with a rectangle to indicate a unit, the caliber of the weapon in millimeters
may be shown below the symbol.
8. Unit Designation
a. The designation of regional command and army group is spelled out
or abbreviated in Esperanto, Aggressor's official language. See paragraph
411a, FM 30-103.
b. Arabic numerals are used to indicate the numeral designation of army
and lower level units except organic battalions of regiments and brigades
for which Roman numerals are used.
c. The letter "F" follows the numerical designation to indicate fusilier
units.
85
9. SYMBOLS TO INDICATE MILITARY UNITS
AIR
HEADQUARTERS:
ARMY
2 Air A
CORPS
26 Atk C
DIVISION
4Ftr D
REGIMENT
17 Bmr R
10 BmrD
SQUADRON
n/Bmr j£> 17 Bmr R
FLIGHT
l/H Bmr S
\ 17 Bmr R
UNIT LOCATION:
ATTACK
A
3 Atk D
BOMBER
10 Bmr D
86
FIGHTER
4Ftr R
4Ftr D
HELICOPTER
4M Hel
1
R J-. 2 Air A
OBSERVATION
I Arty
Obsn S
7 Arty
Obsn R
RECONNAISSANCE 5 Recon R
Recon S _]_
TRANS a MED
EVAC
l/m Trans 4 Trans a
a Med Evac ffl Med Evac R
S
GROUNO
HEADQUARTERS:
REGIONAL COMMAND
ARMY GROUP
PACIFIKO
KARI80
5A
ARMY
IABC
CORPS
87
DIVISION
BRIGADE
REGIMENT
BATTALION
COMPANY
BATTERY
TROOP
UNIT LOCATION*.
AIRBORNE
ARTILLERY
ANTIAIRCRAFT
5MRD<
2ATB
7
242 FMRR
3FMRD
H/MR Bff>l3l MRR
3/SMR BN\ 131 MRR
44A0BY \ 44 MRD
HQ T \l A
49 -ABD
196 HB
803 AAR
5 MAO
2AA0
GUN
451 G BN
31 GAO
88
MISSILE
l/IMBNCT) 247 MBIT)
MECHANIZED RIFLE
TANK
2/HMR BN
l/I H T BN
482MRR
164 HTR
10. LOGISTICAL INSTALLATIONS
DEPOT, WAREHOUSE * MAGAZINE,
OR REPAIR SHOP
AMMUNITION MAGAZINE
ARTILLERY REPAIR
SHOP
- 6 -
ENGINEER DUMP
MEDICAL
COMPANY
+
BATTALION
REGIMENTAL
89
COLLECTING POINT
EVACUATION HOSPITAL
4- -
SUPPLY
FIELD HOSPITAL
SUPPLY DEPOT
FUEL 8 LUBRICANTS
DISTRIBUTING POINT
E+3
®
WATER POINT
II. BOUNDARIES 8 DELIMITING AREAS
(SEMICIRCLES INDICATE INCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE POINTS)
ARMY GROUP
ARMY OR CORPS
DIVISION OR BRIGADE
REGIMENT
90
BATTALION
FRONTAGE TO BE
OCCUPIED BY A UNIT
LINE OF DEPARTURE
MAIN LINE OF RESISTANCE
OBJECTIVE
12. WEAPONS 8 VECHICLES
RIFLE
SUBMACHINE GUN
LIGHT MACHINE GUN
HEAVY MACHINE GUN
13. OBSTACLES 8 FORTIFICATIONS
ANTIPERSONNEL MINES
ANTITANK MINES
ANTITANK DITCH
ANTITANK OBSTACLES
AREA FLOODED (BLUE)
AREA GASSED (YELLOW)
RADIOACTIVE AREA
BARBED WIRE
CONCERTINA
ROAD BLOCKS
DEMOLITION BLOWN
DEMOLITION PREPARED
TRENCH (STANDARD)
o o o
o o o o
AAA
AA
I
T5T5W
xxxx
92
WEAPON EMPLACEMENT
(TYPE OF WEAPON ft SIZE ARE
INDICATED )
DUGOUT OR SHELTER FOR
PERSONNEL
REINFORCED SHELTER
BLOCKHOUSE
FORTIFIED AREA
MORTAR
ROCKET LAUNCHER
RECOILLESS GUN
GUN
SELF-PROPELLED GUN
ANTI-TANK GUN
HOWITZER
1
i
i
GUN - HOWITZER
ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN
MISSILE
MEDIUM TANK
HEAVY TANK
AMPHIBIOUS TANK
ARMORED CARRIER
TRUCK
MOTORCYCLE
f
<•>
SSM
OR
SAM
94
APPENDIX III
AGGRESSOR DOCUMENTS
1 . Preparation of Aggressor Documents
In the preparation of Aggressor documents, English may be used by the
Aggressor Force Commander in field orders, administrative instructions,
conversion plan, messages, and intelligence reports to units assigned to his
command. Personal documents and other prepared documents injected in
exercises for intelligence training may appear in the appropriate Aggressor
language as prescribed in Chapter 5 and Appendix II.
a. An Aggressor military vocabulary, English-Aggressor (Esperanto)
and Aggressor (Esperanto)-English, is published in FM 30-101 A.
b. In using languages other than Esperanto, the proper language to be
used will be determined by the language which is known to participating
intelligence personnel of friendly and Aggressor forces.
2. Forms
a. Blank Forms. The forms appearing in this appendix are outlined in
English and Esperanto for the purpose of guiding individuals responsible
for the preparation of Aggressor documents. The forms do not cover all
situations or units, nor can every item shown be applied to every situation
or unit. In making use of the forms, the responsible individuals must keep
in mind the units involved, time available, and the particular situation;
and the details should be selected, incorporated, and modified accordingly.
When documents not covered by the forms are desired, the form of the
most closely related document will be followed, as company roster form
and platoon roster form.
b. Overlays. Aggressor overlays are made and employed in the same
manner as U.S. overlays. Conventional signs, symbols, and terminology
appearing in Appendix II may be used. When no appropriate sign, symbol,
or term is available, those of the U.S. Forces may be used. The foregoing
rules apply also to the maintaining of situation maps.
c. Miscellaneous. Like any modern army, Aggressor makes use of
official and personal letters, notebooks, diaries, photographs, post cards,
and other miscellaneous documents for which there is no prescribed form.
These documents may appear in any logical form with the full use of
Aggressor terminology.
95
3. List of Forms
a. Personnel:
Form No.
Officer's identification card _ 1
Soldier's identity book 2
Circle Trigon membership card - 3
Soldier's permanent pass 4
Soldier's temporary pass 5
War Room Pass.. _ _ 6
Unit roster _ 7
Unit strength report - - 8
b. Orders and Intelligence Reports:
Field operations order.. 9
Fire Support Plan. 10
Administrative order 11
Intelligence annex. _ _ 12
Intelligence estimate 13
Periodic intelligence report 14
Intelligence summary 15
Message book _ _ 16
c. Medical:
Medical collecting point log 17
Field hospital weekly report 18
Medical casualty tag._ _ 19
96
IDENTIGO
POR
OFICIROS
AGRESOJ TERFORTOJ
ofioejo dela Terarmea Adjutanto Generalo
IDENTIGO FOR OFICEROJ
Nomo
Rango
Subskribo
Kontrol-
Subskribo
(Dato)
Front
Alteco Koloro de Okuloj
Peza (Funtoj)... Koloro de Korpo
Koloro de Haro Naskita (dato)
INSTRUKCIOJ
Tiu ci dokumonto devas esti uzita NUR por ofioialaj celoj kaj gia perdo devas esti rapoi
tita tuj. Trovanto, redonu tium cu dokumenti a la plejropoksima agreso stabejo au
resendu per poste al la Oficejo de la Terarmea Adjutanto Generalo.
Reverse Side
Form 1. Officer's identification, Esperanto.
97
IDENTIFICATION
FOR
OFFICERS
AGGRESSOR GROUND FORCES
Office of the Ground Army Adjutant General
IDENTIFICATION FOR OFFICERS
Name -
Rank. _
Signature _
Countersigned
(Date)
Front
Height _ _ _ Color of Eyes
Weight (Pounds) — Complexion
Color of Hair Date of Birth
INSTRUCTIONS
This document may be used only for official purposes and if lost must be reported im-
mediately. Finder, return this document to the nearest Aggressor Headquarters or return
by mail to the Office of the Ground Forces Adjutant General.
Reverse Side
Form 1. Officer's identification, English.
98
IDENTIGO
POR
MILITA PERSONARO
NOMO
TERFORTOJ
AVIADFORTOJ NUMERO
MARARMEO
HEJMPOSTENO
KRONIKO de DEJORADO
(UNITO DONIAS BAZA EKZERCIGADO)
ROTO, REGIMENTO UNITO NUMERO
AU BATALIONO
ROTO, REGIMENTO UNITO NUMERO
AU BATALIONO
PROMOCIOJ
RANGOALRANGO STABEJO DATO KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
RANGO AL RANGO STABEJO DATO KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
RANGOALRANGO STABEJO DATO KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
DATO DE NASKIGO LOKO
RELIGO OKUPO
ALTECO PEZO(FUNTOJ)
PATRO
PATRONO
URBO
ADRESO
EDZINO
URBO
ADRESO
JAROJ DE LERNEJO
SUBSKRIBO DE SOLDATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
Form 2. Soldier's Identity Book, Esperanto.
99
REGISTRO DE SALAJRO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
SKALO DE SALAJRO
DATO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO DE PAGISTO
MILITA LERNEEJO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
DATO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
DATO
NOMO DE LERNEJO
TIPO
ORDENOJ
DATO
DATA
TAGO
KLARIGO
MONATA JARO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
TIPO
DATA
TAGO MONATA JARO
KLARIGO
SUBSKRIBO KAJ RANGO
DE KOMANDANTO DE UNITO
Form 2 — Continued.
100
KAMPANJOJ
REGULOJ
1. CI TIU LIBRO SERVAS LA SOLDATO KIEL REGISTRO DE
DEJORADO KAJ ESTAS ANKAU PER LEGITIMILOJ.
2. LA SOLDATO DEVAS PORTI CI TIU SUR LIA PERSONO EN
CIL TEMPOJ.
3. ESTAS LA SOLDATO RESPONDA KE LA ENTRIOJ ESTAS
GISDATAJ, TRA LIA UNITO.
4. CI TIU ESTRAS OFFICIALA DOKUMENTO. ENTRIOJ ESTAS
FAROTAJ NUR DE AGRESO MILITISTAJ UNITOJ.
5. SE LA SOLDATO PERDAS CI TIO LIBRO, DEVAS RAPORTI
LA FAKTOJ GIS LIA UNITO TUJ.
Form 2 — Continued.
101
IDENTIFICATION
FOR
SOLDIERS
NAME
GROUND FORCE
AIR FORCE NUMBER
NAVY
HOME STATION
SERVICE RECORD
(BASIC TRAINING UNIT)
COMPANY, REGIMENT, UNIT NUMBER
OR BATTALION
COMPANY, REGIMENT UNIT NUMBER
OR BATTALION
PROMOTIONS
RANK
HEAD-
DATE
COMMANDER OF
TO RANK
QUARTERS
UNIT
RANK
HEAD-
DATE
COMMANDER OF
TO RANK
QUARTERS
UNIT
RANK
HEAD
DATE
COMMANDER OF
TO RANK
QUARTERS
UNIT
DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH..
RELIGION OCCUPATION
HEIGHT WEIGHT(POUNDS)
FATHER
MOTHER
CITY
ADDRESS
WIFE
CITY
ADDRESS
YEARS OF EDUCATION
Page 1
Form %. Soldier's Identity Book, English.
102
soldier's signature
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF
UNIT COMMANDER
PAY REGISTER
PAY SCALE
DATE
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF PAYMASTER
PAY SCALE
DATE
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF PAYMASTER
PAY SCALE
DATE
SIGNATURE AND RANK OF PAYMASTER
MILITARY SCHOOLS
NAME OF SCHOOL
DATE
NAME OF SCHOOL
DATE
NAME OF SCHOOL
DATE
DECORATIONS
TYPE
DATE
DAY MONTH YEAR
SYNOPSTS
SIGNATURE AND
RANK OF UNIT
COMMANDER
TYPE
DATE
DAY MONTH YEAR
Page 2
Form # — Continued.
103
SIGNATUKE AND BANK OF UNIT
COMMANDEK
CAMPAIGNS
REGULATIONS
1. THIS BOOK SERVES THE SOLDIER AS A RECORD OF SERV-
ICE AND IS ALSO A MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION.
2. THE SOLDIER IS REQUIRED TO CARRY THIS BOOK ON HIS
PERSON AT ALL TIMES.
3. IT IS THE SOLDIER'S RESPONSIBILITY THAT THE ENTRIES
BE KEPT UP TO DATE THROUGH THIS UNIT.
4. THIS IS AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, ENTRIES ARE TO BE
MADE ONLY BY AGGRESSOR MILITARY UNITS. ENTRIES
BY THE SOLDIER ARE PROHIBITED.
5. IF THE SOLDIER LOSES THIS BOOK, HE WILL REPORT THE
FACTS TO HIS UNIT IMMEDIATELY.
104
Page S
Form 2 — Continued.
RONDO TRIGON ALIGILO
TRIGON FEDERACIO
CONSTITUCIA LIBERECO
NOMO . _ . . _ _
SUBSKRTRO
RESPONDULO
APUDE SUBSKRIBO...
Sekretario
Nurnero.
Front
PARTIA LEGOJ POR ALIGILO POSEDOJ
Nur Membroj juranta lojaleco al Parti principoj povas parti ci tio karto.
La karto devas esti subskribita de respondulo kaj apude subskribi de Partio sekretario.
Nur hembroj en bene financa reputo rajtigos al karto.
Ci tio karto valas per unu jaro ekirigi :
Partio povas nuligi karto kaj membreco je iam so gi sekreti de alto kaukuso.
Perdo karto devas esti raportita tuj al via Groupo Cefo.
CI TIU KARTO NE ESTI TRANSIGI
Reverse Side
Form 8. Circle Trigon membership card, Esperanto.
105
CIRCLE TRIGON MEMBERSHIP CARD
TRIGON FEDERATION
FOR
CONSTITUTIONAL LIBERTIES
NAME
SIGNATURE
SPONSOR.. ___
COUNTERSIGNED.
Secretary
Number
Front
PARTY LAWS FOR CARD HOLDERS
Only members swearing allegiance to the Party's principles may carry this card.
This card must be signed by the inductor and countersigned by the Party secretary.
Only members in good financial standing are entitled to this card.
This card is valid for one year starting..
The Party may revoke the card and the membership at any time if it is decreed by the
High Caucus.
The loss of the card must be reported immediately to your cell chief.
THIS CARD IS NOT TRANSFERABLE
Reverse Side
Form 3. Circle Trigon membership card, English.
106
Number
The bearer of this p
PERMANENT PASS
__ Date
(name) (rank)
(unit)
SIGNATURE, RANK OF ISSUING OFFICER
Note. This form can be used for all cases where designated people only have access to certain installa-
tions, for example, mail clerk to pick up mail at Field Post Office.
Issuing officer will be the unit commander or designated staff officer of the Aggressor unit.
The unit maintains a record of permanent passes issued by:
No. of 'Pass Person to whom issued
Purpose
Form 4- Soldier's -permanent pass, English.
CIAMA PERMESO
Nro.___ _ DATO__
La portanto de tiu ci permeso,
(nomo) (rango)
(UNITO)
Estas rajtigita
(SUBSKRIBO, RANGO DE DISDONANTA OFICIRO)
Nolo. C i tia formo povas esti uzita por cio clo keston kie nur certa popola havi rajtigo gis certa oficiala
lokiu, por ekzemple, posta komizo per elekti supre posto en Kampo Postoficejo.
Disdonanta ofnciro la unit a komandanto au asignia stale oficiro de la Agreso unito. La unite
konserves fajili de ciama permesoj eldonita de:
Nbo de permeso Persono gis kiu eldonita ,
Celi__ _. -_ _
Form 4- Soldier's -permanent pass, Esperanto
107
PROVISORA PERMESO
PROVISORA PERMESO
(dato)
(nomo kaj rango)
Estas raitieita.
Por.
De_.
_Gis.
SIGELO
(SUBSKRIBO DE DISDONANTA OFICIERo)
(UNITO)
Noto. Ci tiu formo povaa esi uzita de 6io unito kiel provisora permeao. Ne devas esi uzita kiel forpermoso
kaj generale ne bona per periodoj de pH ol tri tagej.
Form 5. Soldier's temporary pass, Esperanto
TEMPORARY PASS
TEMPORARY PASS
DATE
(name and rank)
Is Authorized
For
From
SEAL
(signature of issuing officer)
(unit)
Note. This form may be used by all units as a temporary pass. It need not be numbered and no record of
passes issued is required. Not to be used as a furlough and normally not valid for periods of more
than three days.
Form 5. Soldier's temporary pass, English.
108
AGRESO MILITO SPACO PERMESILO
Agreso Milito Spaco Permesilo
IDENTIGO KARTA NUMERO.. MILITO NUMERO
NOMO PERMESILO NUMERO
RANGO
UNITO.___
Sigelo / 8 /_
INTELIGENTECO OFICIRO
Dato ___
Noto. Milito Spaco Permesilo estas elfuiais kiel direktie de la Agreso Forto Komandanto.
Form 6. War Room pass, Esperanto.
AGGRESSOR WAR ROOM PASS
Aggressor War Room Pass
ID CARD NO.
ASN AA
NAME
PASS NO....
RANK _
UNIT
Seal
/»/. - -
INTELLIGENCE OFFICER
Date
Form 6. War Room pass, English
109
UNITO NOMARO
UNITO
DATO__
UNITO.
LOKO..
OFICIRO
RANGO
DEVO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SOLDATO
RANGO
DEVO
110
Form 7. Unit Roster, Esperanto
UNIT ROSTER
UNIT
DATE..
UNIT..
PLACE .
OFFICER
RANK
DUTY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
SOLDIER
RANK
DUTY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Note. Aggressor units may vary from this form in making rosters for company purposes, but this form ia
followed when the roster is to be submitted to higher headquarters. Additional pages are added as
needed. Names are listed in order of rank.
Form. 7. Unit Roster, English
111
fa
o
O
W
M
o
fa
(«
fa
o
E-<
P3
O
Ah
3
8 8
O
Ah
o
P3
o
P3
fa
o
pq
t/3
O
«
O
to
w
Ah
fa
(3
3
a
'So
fa
12
g
<
a
113
a
H
O
H
o
H
P5
O
An
H
A3
OFFICERS
Colonel
Com-
man-
dant
Major
Cap-
tain
Lieu-
tenant
Sub-
Lieu-
tenant
WO'S
War-
rant
Officer
NCO'S
Ser-
geant
Major
Staff
Ser-
geant
Senior
Ser-
geant
Pla-
toon
Ser-
geant
Section
Ser-
geant
SOLDIERS
Cor-
poral
Senior
Pri-
vates
Pri-
vates
Authorized Strength
Previous Period
Current Period
Reinforcements
Attached
114
115
KAM POPERACIO ORDONO FORMO
Klasifiko :
Rajtigo:
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
Forto
Kam Poperacio Ordono, Nro
Landkartoj
Dato
Horo
Loko
A. INFORMO PRI MALAMIKOJ FORTOJ.
B. INFORMO PRI AMIKOJ FORTOJ.
C. TASKO.
D. INSTRUKCIO AL SUBAJ UNITOJ.
E. SANGOJ.
F. ADMINISTRA INSTRUKCIO.
G. KOMUNIKAJOJ.
H. POSTENOJ DE KOMANDO.
OFICISTO
ALMETAJOJ
Distribuo
Form 9. Field Operation Order, Esperanto
116
FIELD OPERATIONS ORDER FORM
Classifications :
Authority:
Initials:
Date:
Force
Field Operation Order No
Maps:
Date
Time
Place
A. INFORMATION ABOUT ENEMY FORCES:
B. INFORMATION ABOUT FRIENDLY FORCES:
C. TASKS:
D. INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBORDINATE UNITS.
E. CHANGES.
F. ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS.
G. COMMUNICATIONS.
H. POSTS OF COMMAND.
OFFICIAL
ANNEXES
Distribution :
Form 9. Field Operation Order, English
PAFHELPSUBTENA PLANO
Klasifiko:
Autoritato :
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
Forto
Almetajo — (Pafhelpsubtena Piano) al Kampoperacia Ordono Numero
Landkartoj :
Dato
Horo
Loko
A. INFORMO PRI MALAMIKAJ FORTOJ:
B. INFORMO PRI AMIKAJ FORTOJ:
C. TASKOJ:
D. INSTRUKCIOJ AL SUBAJ UNITOJ:
E. KONCEPTO PRI ARTILERIA PAFHELPO:
1. Operacioj
2. Aviadsubteno
3. Artileria Subteno
a. Generala
b. Subtena organizajo
c. Diversa
4. Kernarmila Subteno
a. Generala
b. Asignitajo
c. Diversa
Form 10. Fire Support Plan, Esperanto
118
5. Reciprokaj Instrukcioj
F. ADMINSTRAJ INSTRUKCIOJ:
G. KOMUNIKOJ:
H. POSTENOJ DEKOMANDO:
OFICIALA
AIMETAJOJ
Distribuo
Page 2
Form 10. Fire Support Plan, Esperanto
119
FIRE SUPPORT PLAN FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
Force
Annex — (Fire Support Plan) to Field Operations Order No.
Maps:
Date
Time
Place
A. INFORMATION ABOUT ENEMY FORCES:
B. INFORMATION ABOUT FRIENDLY FORCES:
C. TASKS:
D. INSTRUCTIONS TO SUBORDINATE UNITS:
E. CONCEPT OF ARTILLERY FIRE SUPPORT:
1. The Operations
2. Air Support
3. Artillery Support
a. General
b. Support Organization
c. Miscellaneous
4. Nuclear Weapon Support
a. General
b. Allocation
c. Miscellaneous
Form 10. Fire Support Plan, English
120
5. Reciprocal Instructions
F. ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS:
G. COMMUNICATIONS:
H. POSTS OF COMMAND:
OFFICIAL
ANNEXES
Distribution :
PageS
Form 10. Fire Support Plan, English
121
POSTSERVADOJ ORDONO FORMO
Klasifico :
Rojtigo:
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
Forto
POSTSERVADOJ Ordono, Nro
Iro kun Kampoperacia Ordono, Nro
Landkartoj
Dato
Horo
Loko
A. Alia Stabejoj
1 . Loko : Magazenoj venonta pli alta nivelo
2. Loko: Alia Postunitoj kaj instalazoj
3. Loko: Dua novelo stabejo
4. Loko: Organa plifortikiganta unitoj
B. Posta kaj flanka margenoj de organizajoj
C. Proviza Sistemo:
1. Fazo I
2. Fazo II
3. Fazo III
4. Fazo IV
5. Fazo V
D. Provizoj
1. Pafmunicio, rajtiginta stipendio kaj rezervitaro
2. Porcioj, rajtiginta stipendio kaj rezervitaro
3. Benzino, oleo, lubrikajoj stipendio kaj rezervitaro
Form 11. Rear Services Order Form, Esperanto
122
E. Proviza kaj Malokupa vojoj
1. Proviza vojoj
2. Malokupa vojoj
3. Malokupa sistemo
a. Viktimoj
b. Militkaptitoj
c. Enterigaj instruckcioj
d. Kaptitaj Materialoj
F. Asigno de Transportado
1. Trafiko Kontrolo
2. Konserrado de vojoj
3. Kamuflado Donitajoj
G. Komando kaj Signalo
H. Sekureco kaj Defendo de Postservada area
1. Kontrola unito
2. Subtenaj unito j
3. Radia kontrolo kaj malpurigita unitoj per zono
I. Diversa:
1. Raportoj
2. Specialoj Taskoj
3. Loka rimedoj
4. Posto
5. Alia
Page
Form 1 1 . Rear Services Order Form, Esperanto
123
REAR SERVICES ORDER FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
Force
Rear Services Order No. :
To go with Field Operations Order No
Map:
Date.
Hour.
Place.
A. Other Headquarters:
1. Location: Depots next higher echelon
2. Location : Other Rear service units and installations
3. Location: Second echelon Headquarters
4. Location : Organic reinforcing units
B. Rear and flank boundaries of organization:
C.
Supply System
1.
Phase I
2.
Phase II
3.
Phase III
4.
Phase IV
5.
Phase V
D. Supplies:
1. Ammunition, authorized allowance and reserve
2. Rations, authorized allowance and reserve
3. Gasoline, oil, lubricants, authorized allowance and reserve
E. Supply and Evacuation Routes:
Form 11. Rear Services Order Form, English
124
1. Supply routes
2. Evacuation routes
3. Evacuation system:
a. Casualties
b. POW
c. Burial instructions
d. Captured material
F. Allocation of Transportation :
1. Traffic control
2. Maintenance of routes
3. Camouflage data
G. Command and Signal:
H. Security and Defense of the rear service area:
1. Control unit
2. Support units
3. Radiological control and decontamination units by zone
I. Miscellaneous:
1. Reports
2. Special missions
3. Local resources
4. Mail
5. Other
PageS
Form 11. Rear Services Order Form, English
125
INTELIGENTECO ALMENTAJO FORMO
Klasifiko :
Autoritato :
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
(Forto) Dato:
Inteligenteco Almetajo Numero: Horo:
por operacio ordono numero: Loco Posteno
de komando:
Landkartoj :
A. Resumo de malamiko situacio
B. Esenca elementoj de informo
C. Esplorado kaj observado objektiva
1. Instrukcio por subueo unuoj
2. Peto por Altar kaj helpo Unuoj
D. Instrukcio por administrado de personaro. Dokumento kaj
ekipajo.
1. Militkaptitoi, Forkuranto, kaj alia popolo
2. Kapta dokumentoj
3. Kapta ekipajo
E. Landkarto kaj Fotografajo
F. Kontrauainteligenteco
G. Raporto kaj distribuado
/s/
(titolo (commandanto))
Aldonoj
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
Form 12. Intelligence Annex, Esperanto
126
INTELLIGENCE ANNEX FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials:
Date:
(Force) Date :
Intelligence Annex No to Opn's Hour:
Order No.
CP Location:
Maps:
A. Summation of Enemy Situation
B. Essential Elements of Information
C. Reconnaissance and Observation Objective
1. Instruction to subordinate units
2. Request to higher and cooperating units
D. Instructions for Handling Personnel, Documents and Material
1. POW's, Deserters and other persons
2. Captured documents
3. Captured material
E. Maps and Photographs
F. Counterintelligence
G. Reports and Distribution
/s/
(title (commander))
Appendices
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 12. Intelligence Annex, English
127
INTELIGENTECO TASKO FORMULARO
Klasifiko:
Autoritato :
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
(Forto)
Dato
Inteligenteco Tasko Numero
Landkartoj :
Horo
Loco Posteno
de Komando
A. Tasko (Objektiva)
B. Situacio kaj Piano de Ago
1. Konsideroj influanto obla planoj de Ago kaj nia Tasko
2. Malamiko Situacio
3. Malamiko Kapabloj
C. Efekoj de Malamiko Planoj de Ago sur nia Tasko
N
INTELIGENTECO OFICIRO
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
Form IS. Intelligence Estimate, Esperanto
128
INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials:
Date :
(Force)
Date
Intelligence Estimate No.
Hour
Maps:
CP Location
A. Task (Objective)
B. Situation and plan to Action
1. Considerations affecting the possible plan of action and our
task.
2. Enemy situation.
3. Enemy capabilities.
C. Effect of Enemy Plan of Action on our task
INTELLIGENCE OFFICER
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form IS. Intelligence estimate, English
129
PERIODA INTELIGENTECO RAPORTO FORMO
Klasifiko :
Autoritato :
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
(Forto) Dato:
Periodo Inteligenteco Raporto Numero: Horo:
Landkartoj : Loco Posteno
de Komando:
A. Informo de malamiko je fino de periodo
B. Malamiko operacio je fino de periodo
1. Resumo
2. Nova malamiko taktiko, kaj armiloj au alia materialo
3. Operacio de malamiko subteno elementoj
C. Alia Inteligenteco faktoroj
D. Kontranainteligenteco (mallonga resumo de kontrauainteligen-
teco) (situacio dum periodo).
E. Malamiko kapabloj
1. Listo de direktoj de ago
2. Diskuto kaj analizo de subparagrajo E-l
3. Deduktoj pri de relativaj probablaj de alpreno de malamikoj
kapabloj.
/s/
TITOLO (KOMANDANTO)
Almetejo
Distribuo
Autentikigi
SIGELO
Form 14- Periodic Intelligence Report, Esperanto
130
PERIODIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
(Force)
Date:
Periodic Intelligence Report No.
Hour:
Maps:
CP Location:
A. Information of Enemy at End of Period
B. Enemy Operations at End of Period
1. Summation
2. New enemy tactics, and arms or other material
3. Operations of enemy supporting elements
C. Other intelligence Factors.
D. Counterintelligence (Brief summation of counterintelligence
situation during the period).
E. Enemy Capabilities
1. Listing of courses of action
2. Discussion and analysis of subparagraph E-l
3. Deductions as to relative probability of adoption of enemy
capabilities.
TITLE (COMMANDER)
Annexes
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 14- Periodic Intelligence Report, English
131
INTELIGENTECO RESUMO FORMO
Klasifiko :
Autoritato :
Cefliteroj :
Dato:
(Forto) "Dato
Inteligenteco Resumo Numero Horo
Loco Posteno
Landkartoj de Komando
A. Inf ormo de Malamiko Ago por Perido :
B. Speciala Inteligenteco Observadoj :
1. Loco de voj-blokado kaj minkampo
2. Nova identecoj
3. Malamikoj venturilo detrui (tasko)
4. Malamikoj Movadoj
5. Vetero kaj knodicoj de grundo
a. Vetero
b. Kondikos por trafico
C. Tasko de Situacjo kun Deduktoj :
/s/
INTELIGENTECO OFICIRO
Distribuado
Autentikigo
SIGELO
132
Form IS. Intelligence Summary, Esperanto
INTELLIGENCE SUMMARY FORM
Classification :
Authority :
Initials :
Date:
(Force)
Date
Intelligence Summary No.
Hour
Maps
CP Location
A. Information of Enemy Activity for the Period
B. Special Intelligence Observations
1. Location of road-blocks and mine fields
2. New identifications
3. Enemy vehicles destroyed (Estimated)
4. Enemy Movements
5. Weather and condition of ground
C. Estimate of Situation With Deductions:
a. Weather
b. Conditions for traffic
INTELLIGENCE OFFICER
Distribution
Authentication
SEAL
Form 15. Intelligence Summary, English
133
Radio: KODO
UNUAECO TUJA
KLARA
KAMPO SENDITAJO
DATO
POR
POZICIO
UNITO NUMERO
Sendo
NOMO RANGO
Konfidenca
Sekreta
Plej Sekreta
POZICIO
UNITO NUMERO
AGO: de Siernalo Sekcio _
TEMPO TRANSSENDITA
Noto. Ci tiu formo servas la Agressoj Formo en la sama maniera kiel Usono Sendajo Formo servas La
Usono Fortoj.
134
Form 16. Message Form- Esperanto
Radio: CODE URGENT PRIORITY
CLEAR FIELD MESSAGE
DATE.___
FOR __ _._
POSITION UNIT NUMBER
SENDER
NAME RANK
Confidential
Secret
Top Secret
POSITION UNIT NUMBER
Action by Signal Section
TIME TRANSMITTED
Note. This form serves the Aggressor Forces in the same manner as U. S. Message Form serves U. S.
Forces.
Form 16. Message Form, English
135
KURACA SEKCIO
TAGLIBRO DE KURACA KOLEKTA PUNKTO
Unito
Dato.
Loko_
Nro
Nonio
Tt n net ft
Milita
Unito
Ilia ffti f\ rj r\
.L/lagllUZU
Dispon&do
136
Form 17. Medical collecting point log, Esperanto
MEDICAL SECTION
LOG OF MEDICAL COLLECTING POINT
Unit.
Date.
Place
Number
IN a III"
"Rant
Serial
in uinuer
unit
Diagnosis
Disposition
Note, This log is kept at all medical collecting points and serves as a record of all patients receiving
attention.
Form 17. Medical collecting point log, English
137
KURACA SEKCIO
CIUSEMAJNA RAPORTO PRI MALSANULOJ KAJ VUNDAS
1. KAMPO HOSPITALO:
LOKO:
2. POR LA PERIODO DE SEP TAGOJ KE KOMENCIS:
3. MEZAJO CIUTAGO FORTIKECO: OFICIROJ:
SOLDATOJ
4. NOMBRO DE MALSANULOJ:
Speco de
Viktimoj
Sumo en
Komenco
de
Perido
Ricevitoj
Resinditoj
al Dejoro
kaj
Evakuitoj
Mortintoj
Sumo en
Fino de
Periodo
Sangigo
Malsanuloj
Vundas
Sumo
5. UNITOJ SERVITOJ DE HOSPITALO:
6. SANGIGOJ:
7. SUBSKRIBO:
(adjutanto au komandanto)
Form 18. Field Hospital weekly report, Esperanto
138
MEDICAL SECTION
WEEKLY REPORT OF SICK AND WOUNDED
1. FIELD HOSPITAL:
PLACE:
2. FOR THE PERIOD OF SEVEN DAYS WHICH BEGAN :
3. AVERAGE DAILY STRENGTH: OFFICERS:
SOLDIERS:
4. NUMBER OF SICK:
Type of
Victims
Number
at
Beginning
of period
New
Arrivals
Returned
to Service
and
Evacuated
Dead
Number
at end of
period
Changes
Sick
Wounded
Total
5. UNITS SERVED BY HOSPITAL:
6. CHANGES:
7. SIGNATURE:
(adjutant or commander)
Note. Item 3 applies only to patients. Units listed in 5 and 6 are designated by code name or number when
report is made within the theater of operations.
Form 18. Field Hospital weekly report, English
139
Nomo
Milita Nro
Ago Dejoro (jaroj)_
Rango Unito
Regimento au Stabo
Dato, Horo, kaj Kolekta Punkto kie dokumenoj estis aligatoj
Diagnozo :
Kuracado:
Disponado:
(SUBSKRIBO DE KIRURGO)
TRANSPORTAJ MEMORANDUMOJ
Por registri evakuado de malsanuloj, kuracaj klarigo unitoj, hospitalaj vegonaroj,
hospitalaj sipoj kaj periloj de transporto devas subskribi la suba informo.
De al ..Per
(Transport unito) Dato
De al ■ Per
(Transport unito) Dato
De al Per
(Transport unito) Dato
Form 19. Medical Casualty Tag, Esperanto
140
Name
ASN
Age - Time in Service (yrs).
Rank Unit
Regiment or Staff
Diagnosis :
Cure:
Disposition:
(MEDICAL OFFICER)
Note. Information pertaining to the patient must correspond to the entries made in his identity book.
TRANSPORTATION MEMORANDUM
For registering evacuation of sick, medical clearing units, hospital cards, hospital slips
and allied media of transportation, the below form must be filled in.
From To By
Mode of Transport Date
From To By
Mode of Transport Date
From To By
Mode of Transport Date
Form 19. Medical Casualty Tag, English
141
APPENDIX IV
FORMS FOR PREPARED PRISONERS OF WAR ACTIVITY
Section I. FORM FOR BRIEFING PREPARED PRISONERS
This form is a recommended guide for intelligence agencies in prepara-
tion of prisoners of war for injection in any exercise.
1. NAME: 3. GRADE:
2. UNIT: 4. DUTY ASSIGNMENT:
5. TYPE, CHARACTER, OR ATTITUDE:
6. DATE TO BE CAPTURED:
7. PLACE TO BE CAPTURED:
8. CIRCUMSTANCES:
9. MISSION WHEN CAPTURED:
10. POW TO HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF:
a. ORGANIZATIONS:
b. LOCATION OF: \
UNITS-
INSTALLATIONS—
c. OTHER TACTICAL INFORMATION:
d. PERSONALITIES: (Officers and NCO's)
e. MORALE:
/. CASUALTIES:
g. SUPPLY SITUATION:
h. UNIT IDENTIFICATION:
i. STRENGTH:
j. REPLACEMENT:
142
11. BRANCH OF SERVICE INFORMATION : (Inf , Arty, Engr, etc.) :
a. TYPE AND NUMBER OF WEAPONS:
b. CHARACTERISTICS OF WEAPONS:
c. TYPE OF EQUIPMENT : ,
d. CHARACTERISTICS OF EQUIPMENT :
12. PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
a. DATE OF BIRTH: PLACE OF BIRTH:
b. SCHOOL: YEARS:
c. CIVILIAN OCCUPATION:
d. MARITAL STATUS: NAMES OF
CHILDREN:
e. ADDRESS OF PARENTS:
/. OCCUPATION OF FATHER:
13. MILITARY EXPERIENCE:
a. YEARS OF MILITARY SERVICE :
b. DATE JOINED AGGRESSOR ARMED FORCES:
c. SPECIAL TRAINING OR SCHOOLS :
d. AGGRESSOR CAMPAIGNS PARTICIPATED IN:
e. DATE JOINED PRESENT UNIT :
14. UNIT HISTORY:
a. LENGTH OF TIME IN COMBAT:
b. PREVIOUS LOCATION:
c. DATE ARRIVED IN AREA:.
HOW:
d. PRIOR HISTORY OF UNIT:
143
15. INSTRUCTIONS TO POW: (Documents, equipment, uniform,
tactical information, etc.)
Section II. BACKGROUND STORY
This section is a recommended guide for background information. Ag-
gressor identities should be based upon the personal life, military back-
ground, and language qualifications of the individual selected to portray
the prisoner.
1. NAME: Mueller, Alfredo
2. ALIAS: Ponardo
3. GRADE: Warrant Officer
4. UNIT: 1001 Intelligence Battalion (attached to Army Group West
(Forward) and controlled by the Intelligence Section, HQ Army Group
West (Forward)).
5. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Subject was born in Rosario, Argentina, on 14 February 1920. His father
was a German immigrant, while his mother was a native Argentinean of
Czech origin. Through his parents, subject became conversant with both
German and Spanish and also obtained a slight knowledge of Czech
through contact with his maternal grandparents. His father operated an
export-import business, and subject learned some English through fre-
quent contact with American and English business acquaintances, who
frequented his father's home. He also studied English during his first year
in high school. In 1932, subject's parents were divorced and subject moved
with his mother to Buenos Aires. His mother's sympathy for extreme left-
wing causes prompted him to join the Argentine Communist Youth Organ-
ization in 1935. In 1936, subject's mother died and subject rejoined his
father in Rosario. In 1938, subject was sent to Germany to study political
science at the University of Goettingen. The outbreak of the war in 1939
prevented subject from returning to Argentina, and, because of his Ger-
man origin, he was inducted into the German Army. Because of his lin-
guistic background, he was sent to an interrogation school and emerged as
an interrogation NCO (Sonderfuehrer). He spent the remainder of the war
interrogating American and English prisoners of war at the Western Front.
In 1945, subject was captured by United States troops and subsequently
repatriated to Argentina. He found that his father's business had failed in
1942, and that his father had died in 1944. Left without any means of sup-
port, subject worked in a number of menial jobs and became progressively
144
embittered. Turning to the Brown Shirt cause, he found that his patriotism
was suspected because of his wartime service in Germany. In early 1949,
he embraced the Aggressor cause and joined the underground Circle
Trigon Party. Upon the discovery of his clandestine activities by the
Argentine police, he fled to Aggressor-occupied Cuba in November 1949.
Subject accepted Aggressor citizenship in November 1951.
6. AGGRESSOR MILITARY BACKGROUND:
In February 1950, subject joined the Aggressor Army. Owing to his
military service in Germany, he did not have to undergo basic training,
but took a brief refresher course for veterans of foreign armies at Havana.
He subsequently attended an NVO course at Port au Prince, Haiti, from
which he was graduated in June 1950. After a short tour of duty with a
basic training unit at Port au Prince, he joined the 31 Fusilier Rifle Divi-
sion in Cuba in August 1951. Subject participated with the Division in
the Texas Campaign in March 1952 and was decorated with the Star of
Merit for exemplary conduct under fire. In October 1952, subject was
promoted to the rank of platoon sergeant and returned to the Caribbean,
where he was assigned to the Intelligence Section of Headquarters Second
Army (later redesignated Second Rifle Army). In July 1953, subject
volunteered for attendance at the Aggressor Intelligence School at San
Juan, Puerto Rico. Upon graduation in January 1954 at the head of his
class, subject was promoted to the rank of warrant officer and retained as
an instructor. In February 1955, he was transferred to his present unit, the
1001 Intelligence Battalion, which was attached to Army Group West
(Forward). He served as counterintelligence agent during the Central
United States Campaign in 1955. In May 1956, he requested a transfer to
positive intelligence duties and was assigned to the Interrogation Section
of the Intelligence Battalion. He served as an interrogator during the
1956/1957 Texas-Louisiana Campaign and was captured in May 1957
during the Aggressor retreat to the Texas-Louisiana Lodgment Area.
7. AGGRESSOR INTELLIGENCE TRAINING RECEIVED.
During the period July 1953- January 1954, subject attended the Aggres-
sor Intelligence School at San Juan, Puerto Rico. The course of instruc-
tion included training in positive and counterintelligence, language train-
ing, and instruction in special warfare. During the period June-August
1956, subject attended an IPW refresher course and subsequently an
English language refresher course at the Aggressor Intelligence School
at San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Section III. DEBRIEFING FORM
This form is a recommended guide for the debriefing of prepared pris-
oners of war upon their return to the intelligence agency which injected
them into the exercise.
145
1. CAPTURE:
a. Capturing Unit Time and Date
Circumstances of capture:
b. How were you handled (search for concealed weapons, documents,
tagging, guard discipline, segregation)?
c. How long were you kept at your initial point of capture?
d. Did you notice any U.S. installations, troop dispositions, etc.?
2. HANDLING:
a. Enumerate successive echelons to which you were taken from
time of capture to the last interrogation point. (Indicate length of
time held at each echelon.)
b. Were pertinent documents evacuated with you? Did you have an
opportunity to destroy them?
c. Were you kept properly segregated during evacuation procedure?
d. Did you pass through any CP's, supply installations, troop con-
centrations?
3. INTERROGATION:
a. At what level were you first interrogated?
b. Were you kept properly segregated?
c. Were the documents in your possession when captured properly
utilized?
d. Explain briefly the method of interrogation?
4. MISCELLANEOUS : (Include here anything not covered by preced-
ing paragraphs)
146
APPENDIX V
SAMPLE MESSAGES
The following 20 messages are part of a series of messages that were
prepared for the intelligence of an exercise on the West Coast of the United
States.
1. GOLF HYPHEN TWO UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES I WO JIM A
REPORTS AGGRESSOR MEDIUM BOMBERS WITH FIGHTER
ESCORT ATTACKED ISLAND INSTALLATIONS AT 15/0400 JUL
PD MACHINE GUN AND ROCKET FIRE EXTREMELY ACCU-
RATE PD AIR STRIKES AVOIDED DAMAGING AIRFIELD AND
ITS INSTALLATIONS PD EVAL ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF
MSG 16/0700 JUL PD END
2. UNTRIED IWO JIMA SOURCES REPORTED AGGRESSOR
PROBABLY USING AIRCRAFT EQUIPPED WITH RADIO CON-
TROLLED ROCKETS IN ATTACK ON ISLAND INSTALLATIONS
PD EVAL CLN FOXTROT DASH THREE PD DATE OF MSG
16/0800 JUL PD END
3. OSCAR NOVEMBER INDIA REPORTS FOUR SUPPLY SHIPS
AND FOUR SURFACE ESCORT VESSELS LEFT IWO JIMA TASK
FORCE AND SAILED NORTH EAST AT 15/0930 JUL PD EVAL
CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF MSG 16/1200 JUL PD END
4. OSCAR NOVEMBER INDIA REPORTS UNIFORM SIERRA
SUBMARINES IN CONTACT WITH AGGRESSOR CONVOY
EIGHT VESSELS PD WILL ATTACK FIRST OPPORTUNITY PD
EVAL CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF MSG 16/1400 JUL PD
END
5. UNTRIED IWA JIMA SOURCES REPORTED RUMOR CUR-
RENT AMONG NATIVES AGGRESSOR SANK ONE UNIFORM
SIERRA AIRCRAFT CARRIER AND THREE DESTROYERS IN
ACTION OFF IWA JIMA 15 JUL PD EVAL CLN FOXTROT DASH
THREE PD DATE OF MSG 17/0900 JUL PD END
6. SOURCE OUR MESSAGES TWO TWO CMA FIVE IDENTIFIED
AS LOYAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL PD ASSIGNED CODE
NAME CHLORINE PD EVAL CLN BRAVO PD DATE OF MSG
17/1100 JUL PF END
147
7. GOLF HYPHEN TWO UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES IWO JIMA
REPORTS AGGRESSOR LANDED MAJOR PORTIONS TWO RCT
SIXTY FIRST RIFLE DIVISION PD BEACHHEAD FIRMLY
ESTABLISHED PD EVAL CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF
MSG 17/1400 JUL PD END
8. COMMANDER UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES OKINAWA RE-
PORTS HEAVY DAMAGE MOTOR VEHICLES AND GASOLINE
STORAGE TANKS IN ATTACK BY FIFTEEN MEDIUM BOMB-
ERS 16 JUL PD EVAL CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF MSG
17/1600 JUL PD END
9. UNTRIED SOURCE SAIPAN REPORTS RUMOR AMONG NA-
TIVES UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES WITHDRAWING FROM ALL
PACIFIC SMALL ISLAND BASES PD EVAL CLN FOXTROT DASH
THREE PF DATE OF MSG 17/1800 JUL PD END
10. GOLF HYPHEN TWO UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES IWO JIMA
REPORTS AGGRESSOR CRUISERS AND DESTROYERS AP-
PROACHES WITHIN ONE THOUSAND YARDS TO GIVE CLOSE
SUPPORT DURING EARLY PHASES ATTACK ON ISLAND PD
EVAL CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF MSG 17/1900 JUL PD
END
11. UNTRIED PALAUS ISLAND GROUP SOURCE REPORTS
AGGRESSOR AGENTS RECENTLY LANDED BY SUBMARINE
WITH RADIO EQUIPMENT PD EVAL CLN FOXTROT DASH
THREE PD DATE OF MSG 17/2000 JUL PD END
12. SOURCE CHLORINE REPORTS PROBABLE THAT AGGRES-
SOR AIRCRAFT DIRECTED TO TARGETS BY AGENTS USING
RADIO PD EVAL CLN BRAVO DASH THREE PD DATE OF MSG
17/2100 JUL PD END
13. UNTRIED KAMPOT SOURCE REPORTS AGGRESSOR HOLD-
ING TRAINING MANEUVERS FOR PARATROOPS IN THAT
AREA PD EVAL CLN FOXTROT DASH THREE PD DATE OF
MSG 17/220 JUL PD END
14. GOLF HYPHEN TWO UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES IWO JIMA
REPORTS UNIFORM SIERRA RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT
OBSERVED AGGRESSOR LANDING ON OTHER ISLAND ON
BONIN GROUP PD EVAL CLN ALFA DASH ONE PD DATE OF
MSG 17/2230 JUL PD END
15. UNTRIED SOURCE INDO HYPHEN CHINA REPORTS IN-
TENSIVE TRAINING AIRBORNE OPERATIONS AT HOTEL
ALFA NOVEMBER OSCAR INDIA BY AIRBORNE UNITS PD
CODE NAME USED CMCLN BRAVO OSCAR JULIETT OSCAR
148
HYPHEN THREE TWO ZERO ONE FIVE PD EVAL CLN FOX-
TROT DASH THREE PD DATE OF MSG 17/2300 JUL PD END
16. UNTRIED SAIGON SOURCE REPORTS LARGE BUILDINGS
BEING REQUISITIONED FOR SOME TYPE OF HEADQUARTERS
PD NO FURTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE PD EVAL CLN
FOXTROT DASH THREE PD DATE OF MSG 17/2315 JUL PD END
17. UNIFORM SIERRA COMMANDER IWO JIMA REPORTS
WITHDRAWAL OF FORCES NEW DEFENSIVE POSITIONS PD
TROOPS HAVE SUFFERED HEAVY LOSSES FROM AIR GROUND
HYPHEN ATTACK UNITS PD LETTERS FOUND ON DEAD
AGGRESSOR PILOT AND PARA WHISKEY APOSTROPHE
SIERRA HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED SMCLN TWO BATTALION
CMA ONE ZERO SIX TWO FOUR CMA FOXTROT PAPA OSCAR
CMA SEVEN TWO CHARLIE OSCAR PAPA MIKE CMA HOTEL
ALFA NOVEMBER OSCAR INDIA PD ALSO ONE BATTALION
ONE ZERO SIX TWO SIX CMA FOXTROT PAPA OSCAR CMA
SEVEN TWO TWO CMA CHARLIE SPLASH PAPA MIKE CMA
HOTEL ALFA NOVEMBER OSCAR INDIA PD EVAL CLN ALFA
DASH TWO PD DATE OF MSG 17/2300 JUL PD END
18. UNIFORM SIERRA COMMANDER IWO JIMA REPORTS
UNIFORM SIERRA FORCES OTHER ISLANDS IN BONINS HAVE
SUFFERED CONSIDERABLE LOSSES PD POSITION PRECARI-
OUS PD EVAL CLN ALFA DASH TWO PD DATE OF MSG 18/0900
JUL PD END
19. SOURCE OUR MESSAGES FOUR AND TWO IDENTIFIED AS
LOYAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL PA ASSIGNED CODE NAME
OSCAR XRAY YANKEE GOLF ECHO NOVEMBER PD EVAL
CLN~BRAVO PD DATE OF MSG 18/1300 JUL PD END
20. UNIFORM SIERRA COMMANDER IWO JIMA REPORTS AG-
GRESSOR ATTACKS ARE HEAVY AND FANATIC WITH NO
REGARD FOR HUMAN LIFE PD EVAL CLN ALFA DASH TWO
PD DATE OF MSG 20/0900 JUL PD END
149
APPENDIX VI
TRAINING PROGRAM FOR AGGRESSOR PERSONNEL
Section 1. PRE-EXERCISE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR GUIDANCE
IN THE INSTRUCTION OF TROOPS REPRESENTING
AGGRESSOR IN TRAINING EXERCISES
This schedule and program of instruction is a recommended guide for
Aggressor troops participating in training exercises. The hours of instruc-
tion may be altered to meet the requirements and exigencies of the train-
ing situation.
Subject Hours
GENERAL 7
Introduction Aggressor (1)
Organization of Aggressor field forces & air army - 1 (2)
Aggressor uniforms and insignia (1)
Aggressor language and forms (1)
Aggressor order of battle and Military symbols (2)
AGGRESSOR TACTICS 4
Unit Tactics (2)
Aggressor Ground Force Tactics (2)
AGGRESSOR REPRESENTATION 14
Organization and Training of Aggressor Force (2)
Intelligence for the US Force 2 (4)
Aggressor Simulation Equipment and Weapons 3 (2)
Artillery and Fire Marking (2)
Employment of Aggressor in a Tactical Exercise (4)
MANEUVER CONTROL 1
Umpiring (1)
1 To include instruction relative to the specific Aggressor unit that is to be portrayed.
8 Minimum for orientation of all troops (personnel that prepare documents and personnel assigned to
serve as prepared prisoners of war must receive more thorough specialized training).
3 Minimum for orientation of all troops (personnel that actually will handle equipment must receive
additional specialized training).
Note. All Aggressor troops participating in any tactical exercise should be given a brief daily orienta-
tion on Aggressor activities in connection with development of positions, phase lines, reconnaissance, and
other related and interesting developments of the exercise.
150
PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION
GENERAL SUBJECTS (7 HRS)
Subject
Introduction to
Aggressor.
Organization of
Aggressor field
forces and air
army.
Aggressor uniforms
and insignia.
Aggressor language
and forms.
Aggressor Order
of Battle, and
military symbols.
Hours
and type*
1 C
2C
Scope of instruction References
Purpose and scope of course; history, FM 30-101
terminology and missions of Aggressor;
the Aggressor Military System.
Organization of the regional command, FM 30-120
army group, armies, divisions, general
headquarters, troops and air army.
1 C Uniforms and insignia of the Aggressor FM 30-101
army, air force, and armed forces high
Command. Awards and decorations.
1 C Introduction to Esperanto; Aggressor FM 30-101
forms; and use of Esperanto on forms. FM 30-101A
2 C Identification of units and organizations FM 30-101
of the Aggressor Armed Forces; Index and
to officers; armed forces postal system FM 30-103
and reference data. Aggressor military
symbols.
AGGRESSOR TACTICS (4 HRS.)
Subject
Unit tactics
Hours
and type'
2C
Ground force tactics. 2 C
Organization and
training of an
Aggressor Force.
Intelligence for the
U.S. force.
Aggressor simulation
equipment and
weapons.
Artillery and fire
marking.
2C
4C
2C,
D
2C,
PE
Scope of instruction
Aggressor individual and small unit
tactics; special operations.
Tactics of Aggressor infantry, armor,
artillery, and combined arms.
Organizing US unit into Aggressor units,
uniforms and insignia requirements.
Use of Aggressor names and personal
documents. Training of an Aggressor
force.
Intelligence from higher headquarters,
documents, ratio intercept, ground
activity, counterintelligence, and
prepared prisoners, casualties, and
deserters.
Description and use of pneumatic
equipment, simulator banks, sonic
equipment, and weapons adapters.
Marking of equipment.
Aggressor artillery organization and
representation, fire marking.
References
FM 30-102
FM 30-102
FM 30-101,
ch. 7
FM 30-101,
ch. 5
FM 30-101,
ch. 3
FM 105-5,
pars. 22,
23, and F
30-101,
Ch. 3
* C — Conference.
D — Demonstration.
PE — Practical Exercise,
151
MANEUVER CONTROL (1 HR.)
Hours
Subject and type* Scope of instruction
Employment of Ag- 4 C, Employment of Aggressor in a tactical
gressor in a tactical PE exercise,
exercises.
Umpiring
1 C Duties and functions of umpires in
tactical exercises.
References
All previous
references
and general
plan.
FM 105-5,
pars 19-23,
37-64.
Section II. SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND PREFABRICATED
PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT OPERATORS (15 HRS.)
This training should follow that presented in section I. Personnel
assigned to assist in the erection, employment, deflation, and maintenance
of the pneumatic models, and those that will handle pyrotechnics and/or
serve as Aggressor artillerymen should undergo this specialized training.
Subject
Introduction
Hours
and type
1 C
Portable air
compressor.
Pneumatic equipment.
Maintenance and
Repair.
Scope of instruction
Introduction, mission of Aggressor,
organization of Aggressor, employment
of pneumatic equipment, types of
pneumatic equipment to be used in the
exercise.
1 C, Maintenance and operation of portable
D, and air compressor, fuel mixture, starting,
PE stopping, lubrication, common mal-
functions, and proper air pressure.
2 C, Structural features of pneumatic equip-
D, and ment, inflation, nomenclature, main-
PE taining pressure, deflating and packing.
IC, Maintenance and repair of pneumatic
D, and equipment, contents and use of repair
PE kit, safety precautions.
Camouflage
Section
Subject
Introduction
References
FM 30-101
TM 5-5096
FM 30-101
Technical in-
struction
for pneu-
matic
equipment.
1 C, Camouflage principles to be observed in
D, and erecting and siting pneumatic equip-
PE ment, review of Aggressor organization,
employment of equipment in the
exercise.
AGGRESSOR PREPARED PRISONER OF WAR AND
AGENT TRAINING PROGRAM
Hours
and type* Scope of instruction References
1 C, Mission and organization of Aggressor FM 30-101
D, and Aggressor artillery, nomenclature, and aad
PE construction of simulator bank. FM 30-102
* C — Conference D — Demonstration PE — Practical Exercise
152
Subject
Operation, firing
Operation, Electric
system.
Field Operations
Firing
Introduction
Aggressor history.
Aggressor uniforms.
Documents.
Aggressor order of
battle.
Signs and symbols
Introduction to
history.
Map reading
Interrogation
POW processing.
Hours
and type* Scope of instruction
1 C, Ammunition, use of gasoline, preparing for
and D firing, handling, storage, safety precau-
tions, loading and unloading, disposal
of duds.
1 C, Control panel, wiring system, construction,
and D operation, safety precautions, trouble-
shooting.
1 C, Organization of positions using simulators,
and D fire missions and fire directions centers.
3 PE Practice firing review of all previous
material.
1 C Introduction, mission and organization of
Aggressor force, employment of prepared
prisoners, casualties and agents.
2 C Aggressor history, political background,
and military organization.
1 C, Aggressor uniforms, insignia, and
and D decorations.
2 C, Documents and forms used by aggressor,
and D purpose of each.
4 C Aggressor order of battle, general, organi-
zation and history of units participating
in exercise, names and personalities of
commanders in Aggressor force.
1 C, Aggressor signs and symbols.
andPE
1 C Types of intelligence teams, purpose of
each, coordination necessary, head-
quarters level at which various types of
intelligence teams are found.
3 C, Review of map and aerial photographs
and * reading, scales, and grids, coordinates,
PE signs and symbols, contour lines, ridge
and streams lining, orientation of aerial
photographs from ground observation
and maps, use of compass.
2 C, Techniques employed in interrogating
D, and various types of prisoners, testing of
PE background stories.
2 C Processing a prisoner of war through
various command levels and techniques
employed at each, type of information
desired at each level.
References
FM 30-101
FM 30-101
FM 30-101
FM 30-102
Previous
references.
Aggressor
scenario,
intelligence
plan.
Aggressor
scenario,
FM 30-102
FM 30-101,
ch. 2.
FM 30-101
FM 30-103,
Aggressor
master
order of
battle for
the exercise
FM 30-101
FM 30-5
FM 21-25
and
FM 21-30
FM 30-15
FM 30-15
C — Conference
D — Demonstration
PE — Practical Exercise
153
Subject
Aggressor language.
Background stories
and documents.
Review.
Hours
and type* Scope of instruction
2 C Use of Esperanto, translations of common
military terms to Esperanto, review of
language to be used in exercise.
8 C Preparation of briefs and background
stories for prepared PW's and agents,
checking for completeness and accuracy,
preparations of documents to be carried
by PW's and agents.
8 C, Review of mission, testing of background
and stories, final check of documents for
PE completeness and accuracy, review of
all previous material.
Map and terrain
study.
2 PE Map and terrain study of exercise, location
of boundaries, roads, bridges, streams,
swamps, highground woods, etc.
Counterintelligence.
Mission of counterintelligence, methods of
operation, use of passwords and counter
signs, uniform and credentials.
References
FM 30-101
Aggressor
scenario,
background
stories,
documents,
intelligence
plan, FM
30-101.
FM 30-101,
Aggressor
scenario,
operation
orders, in-
telligence
plan, maps
of exercise
area.
Aerial photos
and map
exercise
area. Ag-
gressor
scenario,
operation
orders, tac-
tical plan.
FM 30-5
* C — Conference
FE — Practical Exercise.
Note. Two hours of counterintelligence may be substituted for language training in the schooling of
agents only.
154
APPENDIX VII
SIMULATION DEVICES, ADAPTERS, ATTACHMENTS,
AND AMMUNITION
1. Discussion of adapters and attachments appear in Chapter 3. TA
23-100 provides a basis for requisitioning ammunition of a special allow-
ance. This includes Aggressor forces which are a part of Department of
the Army directed maneuver.
2. The following items of ammunition commonly used in exercises, are
listed for information:
Depart-
ment of
Supply
Defense
Ordnance
class
No.
Simulator gunflash M-110, w/igniter, electric M-
■19
lot U
Simulator, shellburst, ground M-115
1 Q7H
±01 U
T £Q7
Simulator, booby trap flash, M-117
lol U
Simulator, booby trap illuminating M-118
1370
L599
Simulator, booby trap whistling M-119
1370
L600
Simulator, projectile air burst M-74
1370
L366
Cartridge, blank, 10-gage shotgun
1305
A010
Firecracker, M-80
1370
L378
Grenade, hand simulated M-116
1370
L601
Blank, 75mm gun and how. M-337, M-337A1
1315
C025
Blank, 105mm How.
1315
C440
Blank, 75mm gun M-355
1315
C131
Blank, 90mm gun
1315
C261
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909, 8 rd clip
1305
A224
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909, 20/carton
1305
A222
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909, /MLB
1305
A225
Cartridge, blank, cal.50 MI, /MLB
1305
A559
Cartridge, blank, cal.45 M9
1305
A476
Flare, trip parachute M48
1370
L494
Flare, trip M49
1370
L495
Mine, AP, practice, M8 (T4) and fuse, mine comb, M10 (T14) or
1345
K105
M10A1, practice
Mine, AT, N-M, practice, M9 (T3E1) and fuze,
mine chem, AT,
1345
K240
N-M, M-12 (T3E1) practice
Mine, AT, light, M7, inert, and fuze mine, chem,
AT M600 or M601
1345
K210
inert
1345
K230
Mine, AP, N-M, practice (T34) M-17
1345
K122
Mine, AT, heavy practice, M12 (T8E1) w/o fuze
1345
K230
Fuze, mine, AT, M604, practice
1345
K051
155
Depart-
ment of
Supply Defense
Ordnance class No.
Block, demolition, TNT, 34-lb charge N-M 1375 M031
Block, demolition, TNT, J^-lb charge 1375 M031
Cord, detonating, (PETNO) (fuze primacord) 50 ft spools 1375 M455
Fuze, blasting, time, 50-yard coils 1375 M670
Lighter, fuze, weatherproof, M2 (packed 150 to the box) 1375 M766
Firing device, pressure type, M1A1 (250 to box) 1375 M626
Firing device, pull friction type, M-2 1375 M628
Cap, blasting, spec, electric, type II, J2 (PETN) (packed 500 box) 1375 M130
Cap, blasting, spec, nonelectric, type I, Jl (PETNO) (5,000 box) 1375 M131
Chemical Stock No.
Dispenser simulant agent BGI w/fill 6910-025-3274
Gas mustard simulated MR 1365-277-3044
Grenade, hand, smoke, green, M-18.. 1330-289-6851
Grenade, hand, smoke, red, M-18-. 1330-289-6852
Grenade, hand, smoke, violet, M-18 1330-289-6853
Grenade, hand, smoke, yellow, M-18 _ _ _ _ . _ 1330-289-6854
Grenade, hand, smoke, white, M-8, HC, AN 1330-219-8511
Grenade, hand, tear, CN 1330-219-8577
Mine, land, CML, 1-gal empty, smoke FS, solution tear gas, CNC . 1345-383-3883
Pot smoke, HC, Ml 1365-219-8512
Chemical Agent, Pellet, CN 1365-383-3909
War Gas Identification Set M-l 6910-025-3273
156
APPENDIX VIII
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Section 1. General
1. References
AR 385-10
AR 385-40
AR 385-63
AR 385-65
AR 700-1300-8
TM 9-1900
TM 9-1903
TM 9-1370-200
TM 9-1990
TM 9-2210
FM 5-25
FM 21-75
FM 23-5
FM 23-7
FM 23-15
FM 23-30
FM 23-32
FM 23-35
FM 23-41
FM 23-55
FM 23-65
FM 23-82
TM 3-300
Army Safety Policy
Accident Reporting and Records
Regulations for Firing Ammunition for Training Tar-
get Practice, and Combat
Identification of Inert Ammunition and Ammunition
Components
Malfunctions Involving Ammunition and Explosives
Ammunition General
Care, Handling, Preservation and Destruction of Am-
munition
Military Pyrotechnics
Small-Arms Ammunition
Small Arms Accidents, Malfunctions and their Causes
Explosives and Demolitions
Combat Training of the Individual Soldier and Patrol-
ling
U.S. Rifle Cal. 30, Ml
Carbine Cal. 30 Ml, M1A1, M2, and M3.
Browning Automatic Rifle, Cal. 30, M1918A2
Hand and Rifle Grenades
3.5 Inch Rocket Launcher
Pistols and Revolvers
SubmachineGun, Cal. 45, M3 and M3A1
Browning, Machineguns, Cal. 30, M1917A1, M1919A4,
M1919A4E1, M1919A6, and M37
Browning Machine gun Cal. 50, HB, M2, 57 mm Rifles,
M18A1
106mm Rifle, M40A1
Ground Chemical Munitions
157
2. Rules
The following rules apply to the handling of all explosives and pyro-
technics :
a. Explosives will be handled only by personnel who have received
individual instruction from a qualified instructor.
b. All personnel will be instructed in safety precautions on types of
ammunition and explosives to be used.
c. One person, preferably a commissioned officer, will be made responsi-
ble for observance of safety precautions in all tasks involving the use of
explosives.
d. Normally, a minimum of one safety officer is required for training
involving the use of any type of ammunition or other explosive material.
e. Smoking is prohibited while handling explosives and pyrotechnics.
/. Pyrotechnics and ammunition must be handled with appropriate care
at all times. The explosive elements in primers and expelling charges are
particularly sensitive to undue shock and high temperature. Boxes con-
taining pyrotechnics should not be dropped, thrown, tumbled, or dragged.
3. Simulator, Gun Flash M-1 10
Each simulator contains approximately one-fourth pound of explosive
and is detonated by an electric blasting cap.
a. Keep ammunition away from heat.
b. Handle ammunition carefully and do not apply pressure or sudden
impact as the electric blasting caps are sensitive.
c. Primed ammunition should not be transported.
d. Do not transport or carry electric blasting caps loosely or in pockets.
e. The loader disconnects the control box from the cable and carries it
forward with him. He always works from the rear of the bank and is care-
ful to keep his face behind the bank.
/. Load the simulator before connecting the ground wire.
g. Make certain that no one is within 150 feet of the simulator during
firing.
h. Wait at least five (5) minutes before investigating misfires.
4. Simulator, Shell Burst, Ground, M-1 15
Remove safety clip from fuze lighter. Carefully pull off cap until cord is
free of container. To fire, grasp the shell burst simulator in the throwing
hand. With the other hand, jerk the cord then immediately throw the
device. There is a six- to ten-second delay from the time the cord is jerked
until the device explodes.
Caution: Personnel closer than 15 yards may be struck by burning
paper fragments. The explosive violence is such that gravel, sticks, etc.,
may be projected at a dangerously high velocity; therefore, care should
be taken to see that the device is thrown on ground that is free of pro-
jective objects. Dry leaves and grass may be ignited within a radius of
several feet.
158
5. Practice Antitank Mine
The most commonly used antitank mine is the nonmetallic practice mine
M9 (T3E1) with chemical fuze M12 (T3E1). There is no explosive in the
body of the mine. The fuze contains the charge and is activated by a pres-
sure of 300 to 400 pounds.
a. Inspect the fuze assembly and the fuze well for any damage or
obstruction before arming.
b. Screw the fuze assembly finger tight. Do not use any tools.
c. The mine should be dug in before it is armed.
d. Handle the practice mine with the same care given a live service
mine.
6. Simulator, Boobytrap
The simulator, boobytrap, flash M-117 is a flash type boobytrap device
whereas the simulator, boobytrap, M-118 is an illuminating type device.
It is best to place the boobytraps in trees at a height of about 12 feet or in
the center of concertinas with trip wires running across likely avenues of
approach.
Caution: Do not attempt to set up or fire the simulator until procedure
and hazards on the instruction sheet are understood.
7. Simulator, Projectile Air Burst M-74
This type pyrotechnic is fired from a pyrotechnic pistol M8 or pyro-
technic projector M9 and bursts at a height of approximately 200 feet.
a. Rounds should be free of foreign matter, sand, mud, moisture, snow,
ice or grease, when being loaded into the weapon.
b. Rounds with cracked, dented, or deformed cases or loose closing tops
should not be fired.
c. When discharging the weapon free hand (without pistol mount), the
firer's body should be below the level of the muzzle of the pistol or pro-
jector.
d. Fire the pyrotechnic pistol or projector at a vertical angle of at least
60°.
e. Be sure that no one. is in the line of fire.
/. Do not fire directly over troops.
g. Appropriate precautions should be observed when firing in wooded
or other areas containing objects in the line of fire. In such firing, injury
to the firer or adjacent personnel may result should the signal or flare
strike a branch, overhead wires, or other objects that would prevent its
normal flight and function.
8. Smoke Grenades and Smoke Pots
a. Smoke Grenades.
(1) Do not handle grenades by the pull ring.
(2) When removing the safety pin hold the fuze lever firmly against
the grenade body until grenade is thrown.
159
b. Smoke Pots.
(1) Keep your head well to one side when igniting smoke pots.
(2) Remain 25 feet away from burning pots.
9. Firecracker, M-80
a. The M-80 firecracker is capable of inflicting serious injury, if it
explodes while being held in the hand. Burning time of the fuze will vary
from 3 to 7 seconds, but instantaneous functioning has occured when the
Igniter, Blasting Fuze, Weatherproof M2 was used to ignite the fire-
cracker.
b. The use of Igniters, Blasting Fuze Friction Types, Ml and Weather-
proof M2 to ignite the firecracker M-80 is prohibited.
c. Defective firecrackers should not be fired under any circumstances.
This includes firecrackers in which the fuzes are very loose or 3^-inch or
less in length. Defective firecrackers should be returned to the ammunition
supply point marked as defective.
d. When a firecracker is to be thrown, the following precautions will be
observed :
(1) Immediately prior to lighting the fuze, the firer will select a spot
to which the firecracker will be thrown. He will insure that no
personnel are in the immediate vicinity, and that no one will be
within the trajectory of the firecracker.
(2) While lighting the fuze, the firer will hold the firecracker horizon-
tally away from the body.
(3) When the fuze is ignited, the firecracker will be thrown immedi-
ately to the predetermined spot.
(4) Lighted cigarettes will not be used to ignite the fuze.
e. When exploding the firecrackers under conditions other than 9a
above —
(1) The firecracker will be placed on the ground with the fuze as
nearly horizontal as possible.
(2) When lighting a fuze, the firer will bend down (squatting or kneel-
ing position), and stay approximately at arms length from fire-
cracker, keeping his face as far away as possible.
/. Unexpended firecrackers will be returned to the ammunition supply
point.
g. No more than three M-80 firecrackers should be carried on the person
at any one time.
h. No more than one M-80 firecracker will be ignited at any one time.
i. A minimum safety limit of five feet between unused and ignited fire-
crackers should be observed.
j. M-80 firecrackers will be carried in closed containers.
1 0. Small Arms Blank Ammunition
a. Before firing blank cartridges, troops will be cautioned that blank
ammunition is dangerous at close range. The same precautions in loading,
160
unloading, and clearing weapons will be exercised in blank firing as during
service ammunition firing.
b. Misfires in which the primer explodes but fails to ignite the powder
charge may prove dangerous when blank ammunition is fired. When mis-
fires in excess of five percent are encountered, the lot will be withdrawn
and reported to the Ordnance Officer.
c. Special precautions must be taken to prevent the men from having
any other type of ammunition in their possession while they are firing
blank ammunition. Thorough precautions are especially necessary during
a sequence of activities where blanks are fired after service ammunition
has been fired, or where service ammunition may be present in the area.
Individual rounds will be inspected by a competent individual prior to
issue. Positive checks will be made under direct supervision of the officer
in charge and/or the safety officer to insure that no ammunition other
than blanks are in the possession of firers.
d. The use of blank ammunition in all hand-to-hand training is pro-
hibited.
e. The use of grenade cartridges as blank ammunition is prohibited.
/. For the rifle, Ml, a safety distance of 20 yards from other personnel
will be maintained.
g. For the maohinegun cal.30, M1919A6, a safety distance of 125 feet
in front of the gun will be maintained to preclude possible injury to person-
nel in the event of failure of the blank firing attachment. Troops must be
cautioned that the cover must be properly secured by the catch during
firing to prevent a flash back. To clear the machinegun, the safety offieer
must insert a cleaning rod into the muzzle end of the barrel and through
the chamber to insure that no cartridge remains therein.
h. For 75mm, 76mm, 90mm, 105mm blank ammunition, the danger
zone is defined by establishing a sector, the radius of which is 120 yards
for the 150mm howitzer and 90mm guns and 100 yards for the 75mm and
76mm howitzer or gun. The sector will be extended from the muzzle of the
weapon forward with the apex angle of 75° located at the muzzle and with
a 37)4° angle on each side of the line of fire. This radius may be reduced
25 yards when fired at 45° elevation or above. Spectators should not be
closer than 50 feet from the breech of the weapon, and gun crews should
stand well to the side of the weapon to prevent injury from a flash back.
1 1 . Safety Radii
Type explosive or pyrotechnic
Simulator, gunflash M-110, w/igniter, electric M-19.
Simulator, shellburst, ground M-115
Simulator, boobytrap flash M-117
Simulator, boobytrap illuminating M-118
Simulator, boobytrap whistling M-119
Cartridge, blank, 10-gage shotgun
Firecracker, M-80
150 ft
45 ft
6 ft
6 ft
6 ft
60 ft
6 ft
161
Type explosive or pyrotechnic
Grenade, hand simulated M-116
Blank, 75mm gun and how M337, M-337A.
Blank, 105mm how
Blank, 76mm gun, M-355
Blank, 90mm gun __
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909, 8 rd clip...
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909, 20 /carton..
Cartridge, blank, cal.30 M1909/MLB.
Cartridge, blank, cal.50 MI, /MLB
Cartridge, blank, cal.45 M9
Grenade, hand, smoke, green M-18
Grenade, hand, smoke, red, M-18
Grenade, hand, smoke, violet, M-18
Grenade, hand, smoke, yellow, M-18
Grenade, hand, smoke, white, HC, AN M-8
Pot smoke, HC. Ml
Atomic explosion simulator, DVC 39-1
100 feet from ground zero
30 ft
100 yds
125 yds
100 yds
125 yds
60 ft
60 ft
60 ft
60 ft
60 ft
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
15 ft
25 ft
1 2. Atomic Explositon Simulator (DVC 39-1 )
Note. Read instruction sheet carefully prior to emplacement of the explosion device and
follow the procedure set forth.
a. Purpose. To simulate the visual and auditory effects of an atomic
explosion in field exercises and maneuvers.
b. Description.
(1) General. The device is pyrotechnic in nature and for purposes
of storage, shipment, and handling is considered Class C, Red
Label Explosive. One complete unit is packaged per plywood
box, with a unit weight of approximately 325 pounds and dimen-
sions of 43 by 30 by 28 inches.
(2) Components.
(a) Smoke barrels. The five smoke barrels (cardboard containers)
have electrical connections on top. Four of the barrels are sup-
plied with plain metal connectors. The fifth barrel is marked
"center" and has a green electrical connector. Each barrel is
ready for detonation.
(b) Sound charges. There are six sound charges packaged in a
rectangular cardboard box. These charges are connected with
a time fuze.
(c) Electrical cabling. The cabling consists of a heavy duty cable
with six appropriately spaced cannon plug connectors on one
end. The cable is approximately 100 feet long. The center
barrel connector is green and the sound connector is red.
c. Additional Material Required.
(1) Either a 12 or 24-volt automobile type battery or a 100-cap
detonation box for use as electrical power source to fire unit.
(2) Ear plugs or cotton wads for firing party.
(3) Shovels and hand-operated water type fire extinguishers to put
out any fires.
162
(4) If firing at night, a Very pistol or parachute flare sufficient to help
light up the cloud should be utilized.
d. Preparation for use. Smoke barrels and sound charges must be
carefully handled. Any damage to containers or wiring will affect the
efficiency of the device. To set up the device follow the procedures listed:
(1) Select a firing party of two and inform them of their duties and
responsibilities.
(2) Unpack crate at selected site of use. The selected firing site should
be reasonably free of brush or shrubs to minimize possible fire
hazard.
(3) Set four of the smoke barrels with palin metal connectors in a
square about 8 feet on a side and put the center barrel (green
connector) in the middle of the square away from the firing
point.
(4) Remove the ground wires from the connectors.
(5) Lay out electrical cable between firing point which should be
located upwind from point of detonation.
Note. Make no connections at the firing point until all personnel are clear of
detonation area.
(6) When using the atomic explosion Simulator DVC 39-1, personnel
must not be closer than 100 feet from ground zero.
(7) Remember that electrical connections must follow color code:
plain connectors to plain plugs, red to red, and green to green.
Note. Check all connectors for tightness to insure an uninterrupted electrical
circuit.
(8) Lay out sound charges in a line so that fuze cord is not crossed or
tangled.
(9) Clear all personnel from detonation area.
(10) Fire with 100-cap detonation box or battery by connecting lead
wires to both terminals and by pushing plunger when ordered.
(Fig. 54) _
e. Safety Checklist.
(1) Before firing.
(a) Check members of the firing party for ear plugs or cotton wads.
(6) Warn members that no one is to be closer than 100 feet (firing
cable length) from point of detonation.
(c) Designate one person to make connections to firing box or
battery and to fire units when ordered.
(d) Provide suitable hand-operated fire extinguishers and shovels
to put out burning paper residue.
(e) If firing at night, caution the firing party not to look at the
flash.
(2) Malfunctioning. If all units have not exploded —
(a) Attempt to refire electrically from the firing point.
Caution: Do not approach unexploded units for 15 minutes.
163
(6) After a 15-minute interval, approach area with caution and
disconnect all firing wires except the one to unit which did not
fire.
(c) Return to firing station and try to fire electrically again.
(d) If unit still does not fire, wait another 15 minutes and then
turn unit over to ordnance demolition personnel for destruc-
tion.
(3) After firing. After detonation, extinguish any fires, remove
firing cable, and police area.
/. Storage and Handling. Material should be kept in clean, dry storage
and protected from extremes of heat and moisture. Do not drop or handle
roughly.
Section II. SOP FOR NUCLEAR BLAST DEMONSTRATOR
(Locally Fabricated)
1. Purpose
The purpose of this SOP is to provide instructions for the installation
and use of the Atomic Blast Demonstrator (Locally Fabricated). This
device may be used in all demonstrations in which the simulated visual
and sound effects of an atomic explosion are desired.
2. Scope
This SOP prescribes the installation, firing, and safety procedures for
the successful use of the Demonstrator. A basic knowledge of the use of
explosives, including the use of detonating cord and electrical firing sys-
FIRING
POINT
Figure Si. Emplacement Diagram for Detonation of Simulated Atomic Explosion Device
(3-SA-l) DVC 39-1
164
tems, is required by the user. The explosives shall be handled and em-
placed in accordance with the requirement of TM 9-1900 and FM 5-25.
3. Description
The Demonstrator consists of seven 55-gallon drums of 3 percent napalm
and several high explosive charges connected by detonating cord. When
exploded, this device produces a fire ball approximately 180 feet wide and
100 feet high. The mushroom-shaped pillar of smoke rapidly rises 800 to
1,000 feet.
a. Layout of Demonstrator. Arrangement and spacing of the Demon-
strator components and the layout of the detonating cord systems are
shown in Figures 54 and 55.
DETAIL OF CHARGE "A"
GROUND LEVEL
NOTE*
1. CENTER CHARGE
PRIMED WITH 8 LINES
OF DET. CORD.ONE
RUNNING TO EACH /,
OF THE 6 OUTER //
DRUMS AND ONE TO
EACH OF TWO
FIRING CIRCUITS.
2. BACKFILL AROUND
DRUM AFTER
PLACEMENT.
40 LB.
CATERING CHARGE
Figure 55. Spacing of Charges and Detonation Cord System.
165
b. Individual Charges. In addition to the detonating cord systems,
there are four different types of charges in the Demonstrator. These are —
(1) Center charge. This charge consists of a 55-gallon drum of
napalm, one WP hand grenade, 15 pounds of TNT (8 pounds of
which are individually primed with detonating cord), and a 40-
pound cratering charge. Details of construction of this charge
are shown in Figures 56 and 57.
(2) Outer ring charges. There are six of these charges, each consisting
of a 55-gallon drum of napalm, a WP hand grenade, and 8 pounds
of TNT (2 pounds of which are individually primed with deton-
ating cord). If drums with removable lids are available, they
should be used. In such cases, the detonating cord shown around
the top of the drum in Figure 58 should be eliminated. Remove
drum lids only after all other work on the Demonstrator is
TO NOISE CHARGE
80'
A TOLERANCE OF ± ONE FOOT IS
ALLOWABLE ON ANY MEASURMENT. X = SPLICE
Figure 56. Components and Arrangement of Center Charge.
166
Figure 57. Details of Center Charge.
completed. Use only nonsparking tools while removing these
lids. Details of constructions are shown in Figures 58 and 59.
(3) Intermediate charges. There are 12 of these charges, each con-
sisting of a WP hand grenade and 4 pounds of TNT (of which 1
pound is primed with detonating cord). They are attached to a
circle of detonating cord which is located 20 feet from the center
drum (Figs. 60 and 61). These charges are placed above ground.
(4) Noise charges. This charge normally consists of 85 pounds of
TNT located 200 feet from the center charge; however, the size
and location of this charge may be varied to meet local condi-
tions. If the Demonstrator is located less than 3,000 feet from
spectators or buildings, the noise charge may be reduced in size;
it may be larger, if the Demonstrator is over 4,500 feet from
spectators and buildings. It consists of a variable amount of
TNT and all left over explosives; for example, scraps of detonat-
ing cord. As the size of the noise charge is increased, the distance
from the center charge is increased to prevent the exploding noise
charge from distorting the pillar of smoke. Details of the n,oise
charge layout are shown in Figure 62.
167
DETAIL OF CHARGE "B"
OUTER
RING
TAKE THREE TURNS OF
DET CORD AROUND TOP
OF DRUM AND TIE IN
AS SHOWN. (FOR \^
CLOSED DRUMS ONLY)
DETONATING
CORD
— TO CHARGE A
-24"
55 GAL. CONTAINER
3% NAPALM
GROUND LEVEL
TRENCH FOR DET. CORD
SEE FIG.59
8 LB TNT
IWP GREN
36"
— v
12"
Figure 58. Components and arrangement of outer ring charges.
4. Checklist for Officer-ln-Charge
a. Study safety regulations concerning the use of napalm and explosives.
See AR 385-63, FM 5-25, TM 9-1900, Change 1, TM 10-1101, and TM
3-366. Once the Demonstrator is installed, see that personnel are at least
1,500 feet from it. Smoking will be prohibited for a distance of 500 feet
from all explosives and napalm locations. In addition, flame-producing
items (matches, lighters, etc.) will be prohibited from the same area.
b. Make necessary administrative arrangements to draw explosives,
hand grenades, napalm, and electric blasting caps. See paragraph 7.
c. Arrange for necessary transportation (a minimum of 5 vehicles), tools,
equipment, and materials. See paragraphs 6, 7, and 8.
d. Emphasis should be on detonating cord systems and electric firing
168
Figure 59. Details of outer ring charges.
systems. Divide personnel into 3 details with assignment of tasks as indi-
cated in paragraph 5. Brief all personnel on safety precautions and on their
specific duties.
e. Supervise the drawing of materials.
/. Supervise the installation of the Demonstrator.
(1) Coordinate with other activities, especially with units conducting
live firing in the area. Be sure range guards are provided. If you
are responsible for range guards, increase the size of the work
party by the number of range guards required.
(2) Since the Demonstrator is fired electrically, it is imperative that
all safety procedures concerning electrical firing systems be fol-
lowed. Be sure there is no extraneous electrical energy near the
firing wires, or near the firing point. See AR 385-63. DO NOT
ATTEMPT TO SET UP THIS DEMONSTRATOR IF
THERE IS AN ELECTRICAL STORM IN THE AREA.
(3) The source of power to be used to detonate the Demonstrator
remains in your possession or under your control at all times.
(4) Once on the site, see that vehicles are dispersed, separate storage
areas are established, and that 2 charge assembly sites are set up
at least 100 feet apart and 100 feet from the Demonstrator. See
figure 63.
(5) Indicate to Detail A the location of the center charge.
(6) Exercise general supervision to include the following:
(a) Trucks move 500 feet from the site as soon as unloaded.
(b) No charge or detonating cord is placed until all digging is
completed.
(c) Holes, to accommodate charges to be placed under the drums,
169
DETAIL OF CHARGE "C"
TOP VIEW
(GRENADE OMITTED FOR CLARITY)
4, I LB BLOCKS OF
TNT AND ONE WP
GRENADE ENTIRE
CHARGE CONTAINED
IN SAND BAG..
Figure 60. Components and arrangement of intermediate charges.
will be dug in such a way as to prevent the weight of the drums
from resting on the explosive charges and the detonating cord.
(d) Personnel are not allowed to gather unnecessarily at any one
site.
(e) Check preparation of charges for workmanship.
(/) Guard site where charges are sorted after assembly and before
placement. Use Detail A personnel. See figure 63.
(g) Once assembly commences, personnel walk around the Demon-
strator, not through it.
(7) To insure quality workmanship and maximum safety, observe
the following sequency of assembly:
(a) Center charge placed.
(b) Center drum of napalm placed.
170
Figure 61 . Details of intermediate charges.
(c) Outer ring of charges placed.
(d) Outer ring of drums of napalm placed.
(e) All personnel except Detail A and yourself clear the area.
(/) Intermediate ring of charges placed.
(g) Detonating cord systems completed.
(h) Noise charges attached.
(8) Inspect the completed charge to determine —
(a) All charges are placed.
(b) Detonating cord is placed and connected correctly.
(c) All explosives are accounted for. Place excess explosives with
noise charge.
(d) Area is clear of tools, equipment, and materials.
(9) Account for all personnel. You and your driver should be the only
persons at the Demonstrator at this time. All other personnel
should be at the firing point. Get a position check on all person-
nel from the senior NCO before proceeding.
(10) Personally check the firing circuits with the assistance of the
senior NCO. Field telephones are recommended as a means of
communication during this check. However, AN/PRC6 radios
may be used providing —
(a) Electric blasting caps are at least 500 feet from the radios
during transmissions.
(b) The NCO at the firing point is thoroughly trained to stop trans-
171
DETAIL OF NOISE CHARGE
TWO SEPARATE BLOCKS
IN NOISE CHARGE PRIMED
WITH THREE TURNS
OF DETONATING CORD
AUDIENCE
200' TO
CHARGE "A"
DET CORD
Figure 6$. Components and arrangement of noise charge.
mitting and to move the radio 500 feet from the firing point
once the check of the firing wires is completed.
(11) Personally hook up the electric blasting caps.
(12) Move to the firing point and check firing circuits with a galvan-
ometer.
(13) Short circuit firing wires.
(14) Arrange for a well-trained demolition man to guard the firing
wires at the firing point until time for detonation.
(15) Fire charge.
(16) Check the area for misfires and detonate them with new primers,
or arrange for an Ordnance Explosive Disposal Team to dispose
of the misfires.
Note. A fire break should be constructed and the site of the Demonstrator
cleared of combustible material.
172
500' -
Figure 63. Suggested site layout for Demonstrator.
5. Work Party Organization
The recommended size of the work party is 12 well-trained demolition
men. Range guards are not provided for in this size party. The work party
should be divided into 3 details with task assignments as listed below. This
organization is designed to insure maximum safety and completeness of
installation. It normally takes a 12-man work party 3 hours to install the
Demonstrator. Speed of installation should remain secondary.
a. Detail A (2 EM)
(1) Stake out the location of the seven drums of napalm after the
officer indicates the location of the center drum.
173
(2) Assist in digging of holes for outer ring of charge until Detail B
completes first charge.
(3) Guard temporary storage areas where Detail B is placing com-
pleted charges.
(4) As soon as Detail C completes the hole for the center charge, place
the center charge.
(5) Place outer ring of charges.
(6) Place the intermediate charges at the 20-foot radius from the
center charge.
(7) Complete the detonating cord systems. Use clove hitches where
two strands of detonating cord cross the girth hitches where one
strand dead ends at a second strand. Detonating cord clips can
be used in either case.
(8) Take three turns of detonating cord around the top of the drums
in the outer ring. Tie both ends of the detonating cord into the
existing detonation cord system (fig. 58). See paragraph 36(2).
(9) Make corrections or modifications as ordered by the officer in
charge. Move to the firing point on his order. Note. This detail
must leave the area and check in with the NCO at the firing
point before any caps are attached to the firing wires.
b. Detail B (1 NCO and 5 EM)
(1) Check and load necessary equipment and material.
(2) Under supervision of the officer, draw explosives and WP gre-
nades. Transport grenades in one vehicle, explosives in a second ;
personnel from this detail and from Detail A ride in a third
vehicle.
(3) Under supervision of the officer, set up assembly and storage
sites. The two assembly sites include one for the center, outer
ring, and noise charges; and one for the preparation of the inter-
mediate charges. After each charge is assembled, checked by the
NCO, and placed in a sandbag, it is moved to a temporary stor-
age site 50 feet from the assembly sites and 50 feet from the
perimeter of the Demonstrator. As soon as explosives and gre-
nades are unloaded from the trucks, the trucks move 500 feet
from the demonstrator. The drivers return to assist in subsequent
work.
(4) After all charges have been prepared and all holes have been dug,
Detail A places the charges. The men exercise extreme care to
avoid putting any pressure on the explosive charges and to avoid
cutting the detonating cord with the drums.
(5) Place the noise charge.
(6) Police area, load tools, and equipment, and move to firing point.
(7) Account for all personnel.
(8) The senior NCO assists the officer in a check of firing circuits.
Following the check, the NCO short circuits firing wires and
personally guards wires until the officer arrives.
174
Note. Depending on the relative speed of this detail and Detail C, the officer in
charge assigns the task of laying the firing wires.
(9) The NCO in charge of this detail is constantly alert to the distri-
bution of his personnel. He will order all idle men away from the
Demonstrator.
c. Detail C (4 EM)
(1) Draw and transport napalm to site. Do not smoke around or on
the vehicle once the napalm is loaded. Ropes and timbers for use
in the loading and unloading of the drams of napalm are trans-
ported on this vehicle.
(2) Unload napalm at the site and place the drums near the stakes
placed by Detail A. Place the drums that will form the circle of
drums on the inner side of the stakes. The truck leaves the area
as soon as the napalm is unloaded.
(3) Two men start digging the center hole and two men begin digging
the holes for the charges in the outer ring and 8 inches deep, and
provide small trenches for the detonating cord.
CHARGES __■ •
J — - *
Figure 64- Hole for center charge. (Note provisions to keep weight of drum from resting on
explosive charge and detonating cord.)
175
(4) As soon as the two men complete the outer holes, they move in to
help complete the center hole. This hole must be deep enough so
~ the top of the drum of napalm is flush with ground level. Note.
The extension of the center hole that is provided for the crater-
ing and center charge must be large enough to prevent pressure
on the explosive charge once the drum is in place. In addition,
there will be a small trench provided in the bottom and the side
of the hole in which the eight strands of detonating cord can be
placed, so they will not be cut or damaged by the drum. See
figure 64.
(5) If the above work is finished before Detail B completes its work,
this detail will lay the firing wire. If Detail B is laying the firing
wire, this detail assists in the final placement of the napalm
drums, after which it will move to the firing point.
Note. This detail must check in with the NCO at the firing point before any
electric blasting caps are attached to the firing wires.
d. Modified Procedure. The time required to actually install the
Demonstrator may be reduced by clearing the site of combustible material,
digging the holes, and laying the firing wires ahead of time.
6. Material List
The following tools, equipment, and materials are required for the
installation of the Demonstrator:
a. 50-foot tape.
b. 2 axes.
c. 2 brush hooks.
d. 2 machetes.
e. 6 shovels.
/. 2 pick mattocks.
g. 1 hatchet.
h. 1 posthole auger.
i. 1 60-inch crowbar.
j. 3 pair of cap crimpers.
k. 1 pair of pliers, sidecutting.
I. 1 galvanometer.
m. 2 sound powered telephones (or 2 AN/PRC6 radios).
n. 7 55-gallon drums.
o. 100 feet of H-inch rope.
p. 2 timbers, each 4" x 8" x 10"
q. 7 painted stakes.
r. 2 BA 279/U radio batteries (recommended source of power).
s. 20 sandbags.
/. 10 rolls of friction tape.
u. Enough firing wire (field wire is satisfactory) for at least 2 firing
circuits.
176
7. Explosive Requirements
The following explosives are required.
a. 200 pounds of TNT.
b. 1,600 feet of detonating cord.
c. 1 cratering charge.
d. 19 WP hand grenades.
e. 8 caps, blasting electrical special.
/. 350 gallons of napalm.
8. Transportation Requirements and Loading Plan
Five vehicles are required. To comply with safety regulations, the
following loading plan will be used :
Type
Vehicle Personnel Load
Vehicle No. 1 J^-ton Driver, Officer Blasting caps, friction tape,
galvanometer, pliers, cap
crimpers, & 1 phone.
Vehicle No. 2 }4-ton Driver (Detail A), NCO 19 WP grenades, range flag.
(Detail B).
Vehicle No. 3 %-ton
Vehicle No. 4 2^-ton
Vehicle No. 5 2}^-ton
Driver (Detail B).
Driver (Detail C), 1 EM
(Detail C).
Driver (Detail B), 4 EM
(Detail B), 1 EM (Detail
A), 2 EM (Detail C).
TNT, Cratering charge, det-
onating cord.
Napalm, 2 timbers, J^-inch
rope.
Hand tools, firing wire, bat-
teries, radios, telephone,
measuring tape.
All vehicles carrying explosives or napalm will display four signs
marked EXPLOSIVE and carry 2 fire extinguishers. In addition, vehicles
3 and 4 will have a 6-inch layer of sand in the truck bed.
177
APPENDIX IX
EXAMPLE OF PLAN FOR CONVERSION TO
AGGRESSOR FORCES
HEADQUARTERS 1ST INFANTRY DIVISION
Fort Riley, Kansas
TRAINING MEMORANDUM 30 March 60
NUMBER 11
GENERAL PLAN FOR CONVERSION OF US 1ST BATTLE GROUP,
13TH INFANTRY TO AGGRESSOR 17TH MECHANIZED RIFLE
DIVISION FOR EXERCISE "STATIC LINE"
1. Effective Date
This training memorandum is effective for planning upon receipt and
for implementation on D-10 or as directed by the exercise director.
2. References
a. AR 350-177.
b. FM 30-101.
c. FM30-101A.
d. FM 30-102.
e. FM 30-103.
/. DA Pam 30-30.
g. Aggressor Drill and Ceremonies Pamphlet.
h. CONARC Training Memorandums.
i. General Plan Exercise STATIC LINE.
j. CONARC Directive, directing the exercise.
3. Objective
To provide direction and guidance for conversion of US Infantry Battle
Group to Aggressor Military Forces for the purpose of portraying ele-
ments of the maneuver enemy in Exercise STATIC LINE.
4. General
a. The use of a live maneuver enemy will add realism to the exercise
and will enable the maneuvering elements to develop and test situations
under actual tactical conditions.
178
b. The US Army unit(s) designated, will convert to Aggressor Army
units as indicated in paragraph 5. Aggressor order of battle, organization
equipment and uniforms will be used as indicated.
c. Upon completion of this exercise, units will revert to their original
US Army designation and status.
d. Aggressor unit designations and ranks contained herein are for
Exercise STATIC UNE only. For all other purposes, normal administra-
tive procedures will apply.
e. The Aggressor unit designations will not be released to members of
this command other than those requiring the information for planning
purposes until D-2. All units will use regular designations until that date.
/. Where Aggressor names are not provided in order of battle, they will
be selected at random and assigned to all personnel. Foreign names are
appropriate and may be adapted from the individual's real name. Prepara-
tion of individual identify books will be expedited to the extent that no
information revealing unit designations, etc., is entered prior to D-2.
g. Units will organize to form an Aggressor unit which is at least one
level higher than the unit being converted, i.e., battle group to division,
or division to army.
5. Conversion Procedure
a. Reorganize to portray Aggressor 17th Mechanized Rifle Division.
b. Complete identity books for all personnel except for information
revealing identity of unit and names which appear in the Aggressor order
of battle.
c. Attach collar tabs and sleeve patches to shirts. Unit designations will
not be marked on shirts until D-l. (Numbering stamps will be used to
apply markings to uniforms.)
d. Artillery simulator banks, blank firing adaptors, attachments and
pneumatics will be drawn in quantities necessary to equip the unit
similarly to the Aggressor TOE.
e. Vehicles and equipment will be marked prior to D-3. See figures 35
and 40, FM 30-101. Organizational numbers and designations will not be
obliterated.
/. Unit designations and assigned order of battle names will be issued
prior to D-10.
6. Training
A training program designed to orient the unit in its role as Aggressor,
to include familiarization with the Aggressor exercise scenario and se-
quence of events, will be conducted prior to D-l. This program will
include uniform and equipment checks and other items shown in sug-
gested training program in FM 30-101.
7. Simulated Units
Simulated units will be played tactically only on specific instructions of
179
the exercise director and in coordination with the directions of the chief
controller.
8. Assigned Distribution
Units will not change the assigned distribution of individual weapons.
Multiple tube artillery banks, additional crew served weapons, nonstand-
ard firing devices and prefabricated pneumatic equipment will be used to
represent items of Aggressor equipment.
9. Aggressor Uniforms, Insignia, and Identification
a. Uniforms should be drawn on the basis of two per actual Aggressor
soldier. Additional uniforms and insignia may be drawn to equip injectees.
b. Aggressor collar and sleeve insignia will be worn by all personnel of
the Aggressor Force. General officers may adopt special headpieces, boots,
and trousers according to their personal desires. All other personnel will
wear the official Aggressor uniform only. (Remove all insignia from shirts
prior to cleaning or laundering.)
c. Collar tabs and sleeve patches will be marked with appropriate
Aggressor unit identifications.
d. Ranks as indicated in the Aggressor order of battle, will be assumed
by all personnel of the Aggressor Force. Where ranks and/or positions are
not indicated in the order of battle, unit commanders will designate posi-
tions and Aggressor ranks to be held (FM 30—101).
e. When distinctive Aggressor helmets are not being worn, Aggressor
personnel will wear the appropriate colored service cap as stated in FM
30-101.
/. Insignia of branch and unit (collar tabs and sleeve patches) will be
drawn on the basis of one (1) set per uniform.
g. NCO insignia of grade will be drawn on the basis of one (1) set per
uniform. Officers will draw insignia on the basis of two (2) sets per indi-
vidual except majors and second lieutenants who are converting to
equivalent ranks.
h. Aggressor identification books and cards will be issued on the basis
of one (1) per individual.
i. Numbering stamps for insignia will be drawn on basis of one (1) per
company.
j. Each Aggressor regiment will draw an Aggressor flag.
k. Aggressor special identification cards will be issued at the discretion
of the Aggressor senior commander.
2 Incls
1. Unit Conversion List
2. Personnel Conversion List
180
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182
APPENDIX X
AGGRESSOR EXERCISE SCENARIO, EXAMPLE
Section I. AUTHORIZED DEPARTURE
1. This (example) Aggressor scenario is an authorized departure from the
official Aggressor history contained in FM 30-103. The tactical situation
developed in this scenario will not be recorded as an Aggressor campaign
in subsequent revisions of FM 30-103.
Section II. BACKGROUND SCENARIO AND ORDER OF BATTLE
(EXAMPLE)
2. Aggressor Background Scenario for Exercise
Allied Successes. The conflict between Aggressor and Allied forces in
the European Balkan area continued throughout 1960. During this
period, the Allies launched a concentrated offensive from the southern
border of BULGARIA. Although the allied attack was met with intensive
resistance, the Aggressor Satellite Army was forced to withdraw north-
ward toward the Danube River. The Satellite Army temporarily halted
the Allied attack in the vicinity of SLIVEN, thus creating an Aggressor
salient in the central part of the Allied zone. Allied reinforcements were
committed to the salient and, after exhaustive resistance, the Satellite
Army was finally forced to withdraw to defensive positions north of the
DANUBE River. Aggressor screening elements, south of the Danube
River, continued to harass Allied Forces along the entire front.
Stalemate Ensues. Although small-scale Aggressor probing and patrol
actions continued to the south of the Danube River, causing only minor
casualties and no appreciable change in the front line situation, the Ag-
gressor withdrawal, in effect, caused a halt to major offensive action along
the Danube front. This enabled Aggressor to partially replenish the
Satellite Army losses from existing stock on hand within the combat zone.
An increase in Aggressor partisan activities was initiated during this
period. These stepped-up activities included sabotage, espionage, and
other harassing actions against supply columns, communication facilities,
logistical installations and the terrorizing of villages that were sympathetic
to the Allied cause. These harassing tactics were successful in diverting
numerous Allied units for protection of rear areas, thus temporarily reduc-
ing the possibility of further Allied offensive action north of the Danube
River.
Aggressor Reorganization. In January 1960, Marshall REIBNITZ,
183
commanding Army Group SOUTH, was summoned to appear before the
Aggressor High Command. Upon his arrival, he was informed that his
command was to undergo a complete reorganization to conform to the
new Aggressor organizational concept. Marshall REIBNITZ was ap-
praised of the new concept and ordered to initiate action to accomplish
reorganization. Prior to returning to the DANUBE front, Marshall
REIBNITZ arranged for the procurement of new equipment his forces
would require to effect the reorganization.
Upon returning to the DANUBE front, he initiated the necessary orders
to implement the reorganization. Supplies, equipment and additional per-
sonnel were rapidly received and by mid-1960, the reorganization of the
regular Aggressor forces had been completed. Army Group SOUTH was
redesignated Army Group SUDO. Subordinate units of the Army Group
were redesignated and reorganized. New units were activated with person-
nel and equipment from discarded units to conform with the reorganization
program.
During this reorganization, the Satellite Army, owing the fact that they
were continuously engaged in front line action, retained their original
organizational structure.
Aggressor Realignment. By December 1960, the Satellite Army had
completed its withdrawal north of the Danube River and partially replen-
ished depleted stocks of supplies and equipment.
In January 1960, Marshall REIBNITZ re-evaluated his tactical unit
employment and decided to realine his forces to more effectively cope
with a possible Allied offensive from south of the Danube River area and
relocated them in positions along the MERIDIONAL Mountain Range.
The 8th Air Army remained assigned to Army Group SUDO to provide
air support as required. The 8th Air Army initiated strategic and close
support missions against front line fortifications and supply installations
in the Allied rear areas. Due to the increase in Allied Air capability since
October 1960, Aggressor was restricted to local air superiority for limited
periods.
Aggressor naval forces in the BLACK Sea had been neutralized by Allied
naval and air power, and the Allies controlled the approaches to the
MEDITERRANEAN Sea. This situation remained unchanged during the
Aggressor reorganization and realignment of forces.
Stalemate Continues. The situation along the DANUBE River re-
mained static until the early part of 1963. Continued small-scale probing
actions were conducted by both sides along the entire front during the
interim period, but no appreciable gains were attained by either side. In
late 1962, Allied patrol actions were stepped up. Probing and patrol actions
were met with stubborn resistance by Aggressor forces. Aggressor screen-
ing elements, for the most part, were withdrawn north of the DANUBE
River and assigned missions to support security elements. Aggressor
continued to re-equip his forces, units were brought up to 90% of author-
184
ized strength, river crossing sites were prepared for demolitions, and other
obstacles were prepared for defense of the river line.
3. Order of Battle
a. Unit histories as shown in FM 30-103 have been modified in con-
formance with departures from the official Aggressor history in the Ag-
gressor scenario. All unit histories are recorded at the end of the organiza-
tional breakdown provided for each major unit in the attached master
order of battle. The following is a representative unit history modified for
purposes of this exercise.
b. Army Group SUDO : See FM 30-103, for history from 1946 to March
1960. Conducted training stressing new organizational concept until mid
1960. Received alert order to prepare for overseas movement in August
1960. In addition, he ordered the Satellite Army Commander, G/A
DRAJHI, to initiate immediate reorganization of his Satellite units. New
equipment and supplies were provided by Aggressor in sufficient quanti-
ties to permit reorganization similar to the new concept. The Satellite
Army was redesignated the DTJNAV Army. Reorganization was com-
pleted without encountering serious difficulties, except for the shortage of
heavy artillery weapons. Units were equipped with light and medium
artillery weapons in an effort to overcome this shortage.
After reorganization, the DUNAV Army was directed to prepare per-
manent defensive positions, in depth, along the MERIDIONAL Moun-
tain Range and assume defensive responsibility north of the DANUBE
River from GALATI to the BLACK Sea. The DUNAV Army Commander
conscripted all available civilian equipment and civilian laborers and
commenced preparation and occupation of defensive positions.
c. Regular Aggressor forces replacing the Satellite force were assigned
as follows:
(1) The 6th Fusilier Army (Combined Arms) to defend north of the
DANUBE River from GALA, south to CERNAVODA and west
to RUSE.
(2) The 14th Army (Combined Arms) to defend north of the DAN-
UBE River from RUSE, west to OREHOVO.
(3) The 20th Army (Combined Arms) to defend northeast of the
DANUBE River from OREHOVO to ORSOVA.
(4) The 24th Army (Combined Arms) and the 16th Tank Army were
placed in the Army Group second echelon (reserve). This consti-
tutes a mobile reserve, with elements positioned in the vicinity
of GRENDASI. Second echelon elements were assigned missions
to defend against airborne assaults and directed to prepare plans
for possible counterattack employment along any part of the
DANUBE front.
d. The 585th Assault Engineer Battalion was assigned the mission of
preparation and possible destruction of the oil wells and refineries in the
vicinity of PLOESTI. Destruction to be conducted only if capture was
imminent.
185
APPENDIX XI
AGGRESSOR UNIFORMS AND SUPPLIES
1 . General
The U.S. Army Aggressor Center is the supply agency for items of
Aggressor uniforms and equipment. The Aggressor Supply Catalog (DA
Pam 30-30), describes procedures for requesting items available for
issue. Copies of this catalog are available at Training Aid Subcenters.
2. Supplies
a. The following items are stocked at the Aggressor Center:
(1) Aggressor summer and winter uniforms and insignia.
(2) Prefabricated Pneumatic Decoy Targets.
(3) Multiple Tube Artillery Simulator Banks.
(4) Aggressor Forms and Publications.
(5) Stamps, numbering for marking Aggressor uniforms.
(6) Stamps for marking Aggressor documents.
b. Examples of stamps which may be used on documents that do not
require official security classifications:
(1) Secret for Training
(2) Official Aggressor CONFIDENTIAL
KONFIDENCIA
AUT.
CEFLIT.
DATO:
186
(3) Official Aggressor SECRET
SEKRETA
aut.
CEFLIT.
DATO:
(4) Official Aggressor TOP SECRET
PLE J SEKRETA
AUT.
CEFLIT.
DATO:
(5) Official Aggressor
c. Other items.
(1) Stamp, numbering one-half inch (for collar tabs).
(2) Stamp, numbering, 1 inch (for sleeve tabs).
(3) Officer Identification Card.
(4) Soldier's Identity Book.
(5) Message Book
(6) Party Card.
(7) Aggressor Flag.
(8) Medical Casualty Tag.
3. Department of Army Graphic Training Aids
The following publications may be obtained by requisition through
normal channels:
(1) Chart "Know Your Aggressor Enemy" GTA 30-7 (1).
(2) Chart "Know Your Aggressor Insignia" GTA 30-7 (2).
187
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
G. H. DECKER,
General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.
R, V. LEE,
Major General, United States Army,
The Adjutant General.
Distribution:
Active Army:
To be distributed in accordan'-
(Unclas) plus the following for
CofSA (2)
VCofSA (2)
CRD (2)
ASA (2)
TIG (2)
CofF (2)
DCSPER (5)
ACSI (5)
DCSOPS (10)
DCSLOG (5)
ACSRC (2)
CNGB (2)
CUSARROTC (2)
CLL (2)
TPMG (5)
CMH (2)
TJAG (2)
TAG (2)
CA (2)
CINFO (2)
CoA (2)
NG: State AG (3); ur-
unit.
USAR: Same as Acti"
For explanation of abb
-4 —
fold:
t >',!h^2u *s for FM 30 Series
each
DA FORM 1881, 1 JAN 57
QFO : 1957 O - 415619
188
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